
Book ___1.^?_!XjS __ 



ANTHROPOLOGICAL PAPERS 



OF 



THE AMERICAN MUSEUM 
OE NATURAL HISTORY ^^ 

vol. x, pakts v and vi 



BEAVER TEXTS 
BEAVER DIALECT 

BY 

PLINY EARLE GODDARD 




NEW YORK 

PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES 

1917 










LC 



Control Number 



11 



tmp96 031301 



BEAVER TEXTS. 
By Pliny Earle Goddard. 



295 



CONTENTS. 

Page 

Introduction 299 

Key to Sounds 300 

Tumaxale, a Culture Hero . . . . . . . . 301 

Agait'osdunne, The Hair Scrapings Man — First Version . . . "311 

Agait'osdunne, The Hair Scrapings Man — Second Version . . . 316 

Atcecq Kills Buffalo . . .318 

Atcecq Kills a Bad Man 319 

Agait'osdunne Marries the Chief's Daughter ..... 321 

The Orphan Boy Kills Beaver 323 

The Moose that Had been a Man ; 324 

WonyonI Avenges the Death of his Sons ...... 325 

The Revenge of WonyonI . . 328 

WonyonI Escapes from the Cree 331 

A Young Man is Taken to Another World by Fledgling Geese . 332 

The Woman who Discovered Copper 333 

Crow Monopolizes the Game * 335 

A Man is Carried away by a Giant Bird 336 

The Underwater People 337 

The Beaver who Went Home with a Cree 338 

A Man Marries the Daughter of a Bird ...... 341 

A Man Turns into a Squirrel and Escapes from a Bear . . . 342 

Watc'agic Kills the Dancing Birds ....... 343 

The Earth Recovered by Diving 344 

The Giant Beaver and Muskrat 345 

The Redeeming of a Doomed Man 345 

The Equally Matched Magicians 346 

A Magician Cuts his Throat with Impunity . . . . . . 347 

A Magician Spends the Winter in a Lake ...... 348 

A Magician Escapes the Cree by Turning into a Buffalo . . . 349 

Fournier's Grandfather's Supernatural Power 349 

Thunderbirds 350 

The Boy who was Cared for by a Wolf 351 

The Loaned Hunting Dog 351 

The Hunting Fetish 353 

The Man who Talked to the Buffalo 353 

The Potency of War Songs 354 

The Curing of a Woman with a Medicine Lodge . . . 354 

The Medicine Lodge . . . . ' 355 

The Man who Entered a Fish 355 

The Man who Wintered without Food ...... 355 

The Origin of Mosquitoes ......... 356 

The Shiftless Husband 357 

A Man Overcomes Obstacles in Rescuing his Sisters . . . 358 

297 



-298 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 



The Treacherous Wife 

A Man Avenges his Son-in-law 

An Old Man Escapes a Plot only to be Killed in Revenge 
A Man Wins his Faithless Wives by Wrestling . 
The Rival Husbands ....... 

A Young Man Tries to Escape the Responsibility of Parenthood 

Torturing the Enemy 

Two Brothers Escape the Enemy by Flight 

A Man and His Wife are Saved by Lightning 

A Man Saves his Parents-in-law from Starving . 

A Man, Frightened by his Wife, Kills Swimming Caribou 

An Entire Band is Killed by the Cree 

A Cree, Caught Alone, is Killed by the Beaver 

A Man Scares off the Cree with a Gun 

The Beaver, their Arrows having been used on Buffalo, are 

the Cree . 

A Man and his Wife Alone Escape the- Cree 

A Woman Hides Bear Meat from her Starving Husband 

Starving Beaver Visit the Rocky Mountains 

The Escape of the Brothers from the Beaver Lodge 

The Killing of the Children Avenged 

The Killing of the Women Avenged 

A Man Finds Beaver in Small Places . 

Putting the Enemy to Sleep by Magic 

A Blind Man's Attempt at Defence 

A Battle on an Island .... 

A Dog-Rib Kills Some Men 

The Killing of the Trader at Fort St. John — First Version 

The Killing of the Trader at Fort St. John — Second Version 

Childbirth Customs 

A Description of Primitive Life . . . . . 
Hunting Experiences — Dunvegan Dialect .... 
Dispersion of the Tribes — Dunvegan Dialect . . 



Killed by 



Page. 

360 
362 
364 
365 
366 
368 
370 
371 
373 
375 
376 
377 
377 
378 

378 
379 
379 
380 
381 
382 
383 
384 
384 
386 
388 
389 
390 
390 
391 
391 
393 
396 



Introduction. 

The texts with a few exceptions were recorded during the summer of 
1913 near Vermilion on Peace River, Alberta. Work was begun with the 
chief of the band, Ambroise, a man probably then past sixty. His father 
was part Chipewyan and he knew some Chipewyan tales. Those he told 
were, however, Beaver. He spoke rather distinctly and fluently but his 
diction had some noticeable peculiarities when compared with that of the 
other Beaver living in that neighborhood. John Bourassa served as inter- 
preter. Except for language dealing with the less usual phases of Indian 
life, he has a good command of Beaver which he pronounces with some 
accent. Mr. Bourassa speaks Cree and French as well as Beaver and 
English. He tends to umlaut his long back vowels and to break the forward 
ones. Later, an attempt was made to secure texts from Ike, a man about 
seventy years of age who has a nervous affection of speech. His enunciation 
proving too difficult, his son-in-law Louiscon was employed. While he was 
a middle-aged man, he knew many myths and tales, and told them fluently 
but too rapidly for easy writing. As a result his narratives cannot be clearly 
translated in several instances. The interpreter employed was Alexander 
Cardinal, a part-blood Cree whose command of Beaver was somewhat 
limited. It is hoped, however, that these texts will furnish material for an 
exposition of the structure of the Beaver dialect to appear in this volume. 

April 4, 1916. 



299 



Key to Sounds. 
a as in father. 
e open as in met. 
i as in in. 
I close as in pique. 
o open as in on; occurs rarely. 

close as in note. 
u as in rule. 

H as in but. 

a,, e, i, g, u, are a, e, l, 6, and u as described above, but nasalized. 

y as in yes. 

w as in will. 

m as in met. 

n as in net. 

n as ng in sm#. 

1 as in let. 

\ a surd lateral spirant; the breath escapes between the teeth and the 

back of the tongue. 
¥ the last described sound with glottal affection, 
z sonant as in lizard. 

s surd, nearly as in sit but sometimes approaching c. 
j sonant as z in azure. 
c as sh in shall. 
7 a sonant palatal spirant similar to the sound of g in Tage as spoken in 

Northern Germany. In a few instances it may have been confused 

with g. 
x a surd palatal spirant as ch in German nach. 
h as in hit. 

b as in bit; rare, probably connected with m. 
d an intermediately sonant dental stop ; that is, sonant in the latter portion 

only. 
t a very strongly aspirated surd dental stop, 
t' a glottally affected surd dental stop, 
g a sonant palatal stop. It frequently occurs in the texts but is found in 

few separate etymological elements. In some cases it may have been 

misheard for either 7 or g. 
g intermediately sonant palatal stop, 
k a strongly aspirated surd palatal stop, 
k' a glottally affected surd palatal stop, 
dz, dj; ts, tc; and ts', tc' are sonant, surd, and glottally affected affricatives 

akin in sound to a combination of the simple sounds composing them, 
is used to denote especial aspiration after a vowel. 
€ is used for the glottal stop. 

300 



1916.1 Goddard, Beaver Texts. 301 



Tumaxale, A Culture Hero. 1 
i la di ofikedi lii du7 7U ym\\ tindazo e ke 7ut t'ac 

Once two brothers were. Just alone they two were going about. 

2 in t'i zo le tc'un no yut le he ku 7ut di 1 la t'l tu na tea' € in- 

Suddenly, "We will separate," they thought. "One lake large on each side 

da djl ma mai £ € in da dji ya wo t'a ji ku 7ut di 

its shore on each side we will go," they thought. 

4 aau wut te ton t'e djl di e jai de dun ne tun ne wo \\ ko- 

Not very far when he had gone person's trail was there. He came there. 

nai ya gu ye a k'e he € 7ai yal k'a djii xic 7a za tu na tci' 

Along there he walked. Again between mountains lake large 

6 ke na de tun na gu e xa k'a he 6 na des ya in da dje € tu ya 

road came to the water again. Along there he went. On either side water sky 

e do t'e 1 k'e djl £ tea 6 1 le 6 ke tcin na 7es dai lg ai ye di te'e gu 
was to be seen. Along there beaver dam he crossed. There woman 

8 mo go ne le' ce ni 7tln ni ti ya e I us di etc da na t'ii on t'e 

pretty dressed he saw. "My sister, what are you doing is it?" 

ye' di dun ne 7ai ya le e t'e ut tsuk as de djl yiwo' a din di 

he said. Man immediately coming, she cried. ' ' My sister for what do you - 

make a noise?" 

10 di tea na tel djg na de dun ne ma te'e tes da e di zo 

"This beaver large here lives. People when they give to him only then 

ke ne le ai yi ga ca 7m tj 1 ye he 6 du xa 7a tce € ya 71 xic 

he is glad. That one they gave me to. Then, ' This evening over there moun- 
tain 

12 na tci' lin ta ti dji e do wo t'e he 6 ca na 7a ya la dje £ i di la 

large right half way there sun goes down there 

7a ni nut diis ti la a cl ye' di as detc tea* a Ion t'e mo es dai 

I will get you again,' he said." "My sister, beaver it is I will sit for him. 

14 di e dji € xon na date ye' di ya 7a xic kai he ca 6 a de € i e di lo 

When does he come out? " he asked. "'Over there above the mountains sun 

if it is then 

i na diis te le ce ye' di xa mo es dai ya 71 xic na wo dje £ 

I will get you,' he said." "Well, I will sit for him over there mountain 

on top," 

16 ye di a t'i i e di djo cut da 7a cin da ye € di i e di ni ye tj 

he said "it was there. "Here forme wait," he said. There he put her. 



1 Told by Louiscon, a man about 40 years of age who has maintained unusual interest 
in the myths of his people. The words and phrases in this text were later traced on the 
Rousselot apparatus from Louiscon. The transcription in this text is therefore believed 
to be fairly accurate. 



302 Anthropological Payers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

ye tc'in nais ya 7a yd ni e dja tin ma* 1 le* xo ni dl t'l I e di la 

He went toward him. He watched for him. "Just edge beaver dam at the turn 

there 

2 xo na date don dtry 7a tcV e di 7a yon ni e dja mut dl e dja* 

he comes out," her brother she told. He watched for him. His sister 

a di I wo te sa 7a yal a yl zo gai ta 7ai wo te ca 7a i yal 

said, "'Right sun going that only he looks at. Just sun going along 

4 dula xo na date es dl a edil kiidi gwa* tu atait'e tu na- 

now he comes out,' my sister said," he thought. Then water all water 

started to move 

7ut da a dja* 1 tu na tcai a wii ga xut ye* I ye it gwa* xaiya 

it became. Water large but just beaver dam now he is coming out. 

6 xo ni t'l yi a 7a xut te ye xis i e di xain ya gwa* ya gain ta 

At the turn just mountain there he came out. Now he looked at him. 

li na teak' kii di wo* ki te'e le e di ka e t'u a ye dl zun i ll 

"Too large," he thought but because bad his arrows he shot (?). Just 

8 ya 7ai ya djl e i e di ye da hits gwa* ta de 1'a 1 ta de 1'a 

here his ear there he hit him. Then he ran away. Eh! he ran away. 

ga yu no 7ut 1'a lin gu ga tu ni ya gwa tu tse a tci e a na- 

He ran back to her. Right to them water came. Then water down it be- 
came again. 

10 dja 6 yj k'e na des t'atc i zo ail k'e ta z5k' tea na tcii ye 

After it they started back. (?) On the dam he climbed. Beaver large 

yi he ai ta na ya dun na t'as a tai hi di gi wo k'e he* xa 7m- 

because all he cut up. "All country over so small 

12 ts'ul le 7ut di won le' ye* di di ge* e wo ne t'e tee ya yul lite 

animal you will be," he said. World as many as there were he scattered over 

e he* yin les di e ti k'e ni t'ats 

because like his little fingers he cut off. 

14 ga dun ne k'e 7ut des *atc yi da na 7ut ye i e di ku. e he* 

Then people after they two went. Ahead they were staying. ' ' Here 

camp 

na du7 7a wos dai us detc nun na dji ne gu tc'try 7m yal 

for you I will wait. My sister, your relatives go to." 

16 7a ya le dje 2 a tai ti da sut tcek' a du ya wut dai ce ku 7ut di ye 

As soon as they saw her all they started to cry. "Not we are going to live," 

they thought. 

xon ne ye ze xai no duy 7a e ci na di e* di i e di la xo na 

"My brother killed it." "Your brother you say where is he?" they said. 

' ' Right here my brother 

18 sut da 1 u' no du7 7e di e u ye na 7ut di e de tu ma xa le 

sits." "Then your brother what is his name if he is staying there? " "Tum- 

axale, 3 



1 "Became alive" is perhaps more literal. 

2 ya'i t'e, was suggested later as the proper word. 

3 "Goes around the water's edge," " water a few drops," were suggested translations. 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 303 

u ye a da w5n t'e* gu ye* di gu yen nl dig ge *a yin la e e du 

his name you will know it," she told them. They were all glad he caused. Not 

2 wl dji gi yu a di cl e a tai t'e sa zi wg lj da 71 ye' di 

from there they would let him go. "I," all, "my son-in-law you will be," 

they told him. 

ai yi e e' gi 7a la dai a t'l xa at du in la t'l (du di ge) 

Then with them awhile he was. "Well, not one place 

4 as t'l ka la won lj 1 ku di ka de ca gu wgn \[ 7ut di mi da- 

I will be it is," he thought. " I will go after him where he is," he told them. 

"He is bad." 

tc'e ll he ci yo nai ya da gut de xal at du 1 la t'l a 7ut da 

When he came up to him he clubbed them. Not one they alive 

6 e all' gii7aiyal du ye tit tun ne won tea di ko nai ya 

he made. He walked along. Along there road was large, he came to. 

In t'l zo nut te ye wo 7al in la di mini da a l'g e le e e *e 

Suddenly he slept. Narrow one place snares they used to set 

8 dai es l'u nes tl tin do 7m xail 7a! in ut du na wo di ga 

he set a snare. He lay down. Very it was dark. Then not it was daylight - 

again. 

ylkalka ke na gi date a wo* ut du na wo di ga mut tcut tce e 

For daylight he kept climbing up, but not it was daylight again. His wood 

10 a wo* a tai ga na a du a dja 6 ylde*ye dai is Fii 1 tc'i nes ya 

but all now was gone it became. Behind the snare he had set he went to. 

xut l'e ge ewo*Izu.* ca sa liit 1 tit du ya 7a da ya 1 yun de 

It was night only. Sun was caught. Not over there he could go 

12 muk k'ut da ll di 1 he* a tai yi 7ut da na wo due el ku di ka- 

because he would be burned, "All animals let come," he thought. He called - 

for them 

wo di a tai ni wo ni sut 6' gwa ll cu* a 7ul le' ll xais 1'a- 

All rushed up. And then in vain they tried. Just the last 

14 dji e dlu € e ni IV muk k'ut des hit di ke e t'j ga ye hll 1'ul ye 

mouse came running. He was singed he looked like. Rope 

le xas xai ga (tin xats) da tun ne ta na de' 1'a da ml le € ni na- 

he gnawed in two. His road he ran away in. His snare he took back. 

16 yedlla' ca' sa hit di 

Sun was caught. 

gwa € yit dai nes ya k'a djfi yas k'e me a wo dja e gai ya le 

Then forward he went. Again winter happened to him. As he was walk- 
ing along 

18 in t'l zo du e mut tse a tc'u. ni liic djg 7am te lo no da ye- 

suddenly along there sleigh someone had drawn. Here he had slept. Lynx 

he had hung up. 

ntig gai lii lo ye I'o 7lik dtik ye k'e di es ya' dju zo* djii dze- 

In his absence someone had been eating it. After him he started. Here only 

that day 

20 ne ti ya 1q no da k'a dju na tcl' na 7a 7el mut dii7 7a kwe. 

he had gone along. Lynx again large he carried. For him camp 



304 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

a tc'in la e yit da tee na dai mut dug ga kwe. a wo tc'in la* 

they made. Up he was coming for him camp they made. 

2 no da na 7a 7el yet ye t'e a ca. di me ne da tcit de € mut 1'i se* 

Lynx he was carrying he roasted it. "My grandchild, this did you ever eat? " 

' ' Its grease 

1 zo es da dun na ya ga yin tl xon ti a zon la t'a dji € 711s da 

only I eat." Man to him she gave it. "Only that on that I live; 

4 me ne da tcet de e ye 1 di ye l'e je* zon € 7ut don 

did you ever eat it? " he said. "Its grease only I drink." 

gwa e gun nes ti ai ye li ge a du dun ne u dju ul le 

Then they lay down. That one the other one not man good was. 

6 xutl'edo' dun ne ke € on djo 7ai ta nes tj ye tcin ne £ j ta 

In the morning man's moccasins well he looked at. He was lying down 

he looked at 

duk ke € ya ke e Yq 6 e da stil la ye ke e nl di le duk ke 6 - 

his own moccasins behind his feet he hung up, his moccasins he took down. 

Behind his own feet 

8 Yq e a tai djo dun ne ke e I nai la tc'in ne 1 ye 1 t'i zo dun ne- 

all here man's moccasins he put down he threw in the fire. Suddenly, 

' ' Man's moccasins 

ke 6 nuc le ku di i i duk ke e li tsl de 7m la na nes ti xut 1'i dg 

I took down," he was thinking, his own moccasins it was he threw in the fire. 

He lay down again. In the morning 

10 ya tco do 1 nl I ya at dai djo gii e t'e dukkei nai la xa e 
ahead of him he got up. Himself too quickly his own moccasins he took down. 

"Here 

aca e ' cukke € ai le ye* di ut t'e ga ut tstik yoyila gwa € 

grandchild, my moccasins they are," he said. Just then he started to cry. 

He gave them to him. Then 

12 (xut de e ) ut t'e 6 ut tsuk ke e di sut da at du yl di a a tai ke 

immediately he started to cry. Moccasins without he sat there. Not (?) 

ofi ke t'i dukke 6 a wo € at du ye ke wo site ai gwa xon- 

Two his own moccasins but not he could wear them out. (?) then 

nevertheless 

14 te wq 6 ya mai a k'e he e at du ye k'e wo sit duk ke 6 li gl yin la 

sky border not they wore out. His moccasins one he gave him. 

ml ni di ge won li et da tas se e I la di yin ton ml nl di ge won \\ 

Pleased he was. His arrow one he gave him. Pleased he was. 

16 nl te da e icinelo' ku wo t'otc ye di gwa no da na ts'uts 

" When you lie down on the end of a stump we will shoot," he said. Then lynx 

he would drop. 

gwa yi dai 7ai yat a yi ki 7ai yal 

Then ahead he walked. That food he went with. 

18 in t'i zo due dun ne tun ne won lj lylhe* iclnelo* ktin- 

Suddenly along there man's road was. From there end of stump he shot. 

t'ok' da sa kits ut t'e ut du ni do wo ton e ye' di a wo £ 

Tipped up it was. "Not get it," he said. But 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 305 

da ye t'ok e di e he 6 \\ hwa a ku dl xa € lj hwa yu di ye 

because he shot up "Too close," he thought. "Well, too close," he thought - 

about it. 

2 ye 1 tc'j* da te e etc yi di ge 6 a dja € 7a \\ wo di ge djl e 7a lin 

To it he put his foot up. Up it went. Then further up. Then 

ya tc'j 6 ye k'e 7a yal 7a lin ya k'a ts'I* ya ka nl ya wo tc'i € 

toward the sky after it he went. Then on the sky he arrived after it. There 

4 dun ne w5 ni ya mut djl zo e kl* dun ne ya 71 da lg ul le' 

people he came to. Caribou only food people they lived on it was 

wo ni ya xut dut di di gl won \\ ku di I ye £ a t'i 7a li la dai 

he came to. "This place world it is," he thought (?) . Then a short time 

6 e di a t'i a wo tc'e dunne sut di ge tcin lo e no ji ku di in- 

he stayed there after man " My country's end I will go," he thought. Sud- 
denly 

t'i zo 1 tc'I ii % mut djl zls ya 1'iil a \\ on 7a li YvLl na lg 

old woman caribou skin for him line she made. And then lines many 

8 ya e o la* gwa € yi yu e ya da ga ya € a wo die I e di di ge 

for him she made. Then under it for him (a hole) she made. There ground 

ka ni get a zis na tcut di t'a yin tj da bi ze 6 ya t'j e g ai- 

she poked a hole through. Skin rawhide she put him in. Her knife for him 

she put in "Wherever 

10 sa di ge on li ku. di de da € tit da gut da won t'as in t'i zo 

earth is when you think your robe, cut it open." Suddenly 

ga di ge wonlj ku dV tit da tc'etc on tit du na 7ait da 

" Now world is," he thought. He swung himself then not he moved 

12 *a dja 6 I won la 6 tit da ga des t'atc ye da na tci t'olte* k'e- 

it happened, it was. His robe he cut open. Eagle's large nest he was on it 

lgn *a dja e a sun di ne I'ii le cut da won di e ye di ye ga 

it happened. "Grandmother, this, your line." "You will tell me that," she had - 

said to him. Then 

14 ye di ge dut Tu le na di la* 
up her line she took up. 

gii so des ya di ge ton t'e e da na tci ya r dje ta di 

Then he was going along. This world far eagle large young ones three 

16 da' de 1 tsV wo ni ya me ts'i de e le xa ofi ke di ye in tea na 

sat on something. He came there. ' ' What is this? Two large people 

a xain la tc'in dut di tl a le e he € on ke di ye na dut de xal 

he gave us. We do not like that." That was why two he knocked down. 

18 I la t'a ayexoditc at du a wo be cl awo € a na t'i no ta € 

One told him. "Not you will live but you are." "Your father 

da won t'e na 7tit di dja ke € na7utdalda l ta won hi In tc'I 

what time does he come back? " "Well, when he comes back hail wind 

20 na tci na 7tit da hi in tc'I na tci a t'i tcut le ye 1 di u no* 

big. When he comes wind big usually is," he said. "And your mother, 

nawat'e nada'dja (no dat ya) ya di tin na la € teg' wa tca- 

what she comes back does she do?" "Rain falls heavily 



306 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X r 

ga ya lu in tc'I na tcl a t'is da la 6 tin na na da a le ye dl ye 
wind big usually is mother when she comes back," he said. 

2 ga yi dtik ni ye dja gwa ta wo lu gwa ya lu mtit ta 6 no- 
Then one side he went for him. Then it rained then it hailed ; his father 

came back. 

dja djo 7tit dl hit stin ye' dl xa tea a ye zoaneia 1 ye dl ye 
"Here animal I smell," he said. " (?) you brought," he said. 

4 xo t'l wq 7tit dai Itit sun ye dl ye dtit t'ol ma xa k'i he* dl es ya 

"Nevertheless something alive I smell," he said. Around his nest he started. 

ye nut de xtil k'a djo ma na 7tit dal I k'a dju 71H dai Itit stin 

He knocked him down. Again his mother came back. Again, "Live animal 

I smell," 

6 ye' dl k'a dju da t'ol mai na des ya k'a dju ye ne de xtil ga 
she said. Again her nest's edge she started. Again he knocked her down. Then 

na stil le I ni yi dl ti k'e ye tltc xa gin stit le e de a won da 

the small one he took up he took him around with him. "So small .you will be," 

8 ye' dl e 7a xa tej ye t'e I t'tik a yin la 6 e he € ke ye tltc sage 
he said. Just large enough to fly he made him then he went about with him. 

River 

on \[ dl la dai ni yi ti na 7ai ttin na 1'ai tc'I 6 lii ge k'a 1'Itc 
where was on a hill he put him. ' ' Over there bottom of the river fish 

are swimming about 

10 gu ya 7m k'in ta la ye' di axa 6 ye' dl yunile' xa € yiin 1'a he 
do you see them? " he asked. "Yes," he said. "Jump on it." Then 

he jumped on it. 

gwa 6 yin tcut lii ge xain ti nat ts'I tsa 6 ya da ge gu u djon la 
Then he caught it. Fish he took out. "Why don't you eat it?" He ate it. 

"Is it good?" 

12 ye' di axa 6 et dl wa tc'I dl ge 6 was o de wo tc'j 6 hwon- 
he asked. "Yes," he said. "From this time world it stands as long as eat it. 

t'lz ju t'a tcti7 7a won da 

With it you will live." 

14 k'a dju yi dai dl es ya in t'l zo du ye dtin ne ttin ne 

Again forward he set out. Suddenly along there man's road 

on \[ k'e dl es ya djiin zo na dl ye yii 6 on ts'I yu a. na dl e 

was. On it he went. Here only he camped. Over there old woman 

was camped. 

16 tc'I des ya ti cai' da k'i un na da dja na t'l ti cai dl dtin ne 
He went to her. "Grandchild, how have you been traveling? Grandchild these 

people 

mi te'e le tit du a won dai cl ye' dl mtit tu e ta de a tai ji' 

are bad. Not you will live," she said. "Girls three everything 

18 me te'e le a cl' ma ji t'a nat ya dtin ne 7tit da wq i til ll ye' di 

bad in their bodies are staying. People they kill they are," she said. 



1 These two words probably mean, "It is only what you have brought. 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 307 

ma ji t'a na di xe cl' a tai ye gin wq I e he € ko la' a du ke- 

In their bodies what stays all he killed that is why old man not he was - 



2 nele ft* mi de tc'e ayinla* 1 

Very angry he made him. 

I wo tac a due le hi ye" di gwa yin ka nai ya a cfi di- 

Then, "Arrows I will make," he said. "Now after it go," "Grand- 
mother what does he mean? " 

4 do " di a t'l ye' di a cai' ke tc'e le di e di la yi ko na date ye di ye 

he said. "Grandchild a bad place, there he used to get it from he means. 

da won t'l a t'l k'l wo ll di na du zl na tci' na di ye" di 
Some kind of a place it is. Saskatoon where there are snakes large live there 

6 I yo na da tci I e di a di yet di gwa yin ka des ya gwa € 
he is accustomed to go, that place he means," she said. Then for them 

he started. Then 

yo'naiya I wo" tsl € e es li € a da de la € gwa k'I € ts'it des ya 
he came there but with stones leggings he made for himself. Then saskatoon 

he went to. 

8 gwa 6 ye ta nl ya e t'e gwa no du zl a tai ye tc'o wo des silt 
Then among them he came as soon as then snakes all rushed on him 

iw6" nl e tea a tai yut ts'un na In tcut lln do ya 7ut ya xul 
nevertheless (?). All his legs caught just he clubbed them. 

10 gwa £ e" t'o nldtitdlya on des y a 

Then arrows he took. He started back. 

gwa € ye gon no na ta djl 6 a zil ca ml ka nai ya ye" di 

Then (?) from your father scrapper for me for it go," he said. 

12 a zil kon des da tcP yifi ka du djl e ye di ye dut tea I tc'in- 

" The scrapper where I generally get it for it let him go," he said. His grand- 
mother he went to. 

nes ya a cai In da dla di dje zil dun ne ul ll I wo tc'ul I 

"Grandchild it is difficult there. Elk person is. Then cutbank 

14 l'a dai I hwo € at 1'etc lin k'e tci 6 da mas di I na duz I tci yu- 

on the bank, he runs back and forth like a dog around it chases it. It barks - 

after it 

ya tltc lin k'e tcl e at du mun nus twa, ut du mo na tc'ai ya 

like a dog. Not without his knowledge not you can come up to him. 

16 a yi a di gwa yo nl ya ya e dja ai e si sin xa tse € na gus 6 I 

That one he means." Then he came to him. He is ready for him. "Well, I 

first I saw you," 

ye" di xa tse e yi ts'I gu din die ye" di do wa ye" di xon- 
he said. "First down the bank you run," he said. "No," he said. Neverthe- 
less 

18 tc'I a wo 6 yi tsl gu de' l"a yti nl £ ets I he da" di l'a I e xa € a du 

down the bank he ran. Because he kicked him he started to run. "Why not 

yi tci yi dai ma tun ne djl € nl 7m l'a k'a dju gu we na gut- 
down ahead his road you run?" Again along there they ran. 



308 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

ye dla k'a dju yii nl e ets ut du yu. nl e ets na yi yet dut ti ga 
Again he kicked him. Not he kicked him. He threw him down. 

2 I ts'ut I tse me ts'I u a ye ze xai a tcu ne la ze xai ku. di- 
He fell. Below his wife killed him. "Stranger I killed," she thought. 

gu son dut tc'I u a a li 71 ze xai lg ye tci tc'e gi3 yd nai ya 
Her husband it was she killed. Below woman he came to. 

4 yaglel'etc I £ e ye ya e xut 7a ye xiin ne xut me' a zll nldut- 
She was running about. There he knocked her down. He finished clubbing her. 

Stone he took for himself. 

dl ya on des ya no dja' 
He started back. He came back. 

6 de' t'o £ a' yai 1 sit us t'a le ku di ne ta tc'in £ t'a sa ka- 

His arrows he heated. "I will put feathers on," he thought. "To your - 

father feathers for me go for," 

nlya ye' dl' t'a kon des da tcl £ yi ka du dji ye 1 dl k'a dju 
he said, "Feathers where I go for them after them let him go," he said. 

Again 

8 mut tcu a tc'in nes ya a cai wo te in da dla € I € e dl a dl 
his grandmother he went to. "Grandchild, very difficult there he means." 

a cfin ye a dl et dl 1' da tcok' 1 na de lu. 1 'e dl w5 nai ya 

"Grandmother what does he mean?" he asked. "Large eagles are there." 

There he went. 

10 dun ne € e tctin wo yo £ o In tc'I tee cl yo nl e dja ye nut- 
Person's odor he smells then from the wind side he watched him. He knocked- 

him down. 

dut di xut 7a lin a tai ya 7ut ye xut gwa t'a a de la e on des ya 
Then all he clubbed. Then feathers he made for himself. He started back. 

12 k'a dju na ta tc'P tsV sa ka nai ya ye' dl tsV kon- 

Again, " To your father sinew forme go for," he said. "Sinew where I - 

always get it 

des da tci tsV ka do dji ye' dl ye k'a dju. mut tci| a tc'I nes ya 

sinew let him go for," he said. Again his grandmother he went to. 

14 u cu'n yi a t'l a dl ye' di a cai In da dla is da dlok na tci' 

"Grandmother where does he mean?" he said. "Grandchild it is difficult. 

Grassy fiat large 

k'e xa k'l tcok' 1 na dl at du dtin ne yun nus to we yo na ya 
on large buffalo it is living. Not person without his knowledge comes to him. 

16 ye wo € a diis dai yet ye lo da da de ts'I ut du dun ne ytin- 

His servants (?) birds on the ends of his horns they sit. Not person 

his knowledge 

es to I ut du ya € j ai yi a dl I € e dl ye din ya xa k'l sut ti 
not seeing that one he means." There he went buffalo lay 

18 ko ya 1 tit ye dus de da in del na ya na 7m la xtit ye da da na- 

he came. Without cause birds flew up. He made them go down again. With- 
out cause they flew up again. 

nes del ye ka sun na 7m a 7a ye' dl ut t'o sun na 7m e ak ye' dl- 

" Why do you fool me? " he asked. "Leaves fooled me," he said. 






1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 309 

ye na nes t[ dlu. e a di dla yetc'j 6 at tun na a wo de dla 

He lay down again. Mouse he made himself. To it road he made. . : 

2 o Ion sj 6 uttunna a won dla 6 gwa 6 yetsutt'a ya7a xatyel 

Many ways road he made. Then below the shoulder his hair he gnawed off. 

on dj5 ya 7a 6 xin xats I 6 e di ye de luts da tun na ta na de l'a 

Well his hair he gnawed. There he stabbed him. His road he ran away. 

4 gwa yezexai tsV ni dut yl ya o des ya no dja 

Then he killed him. Sinew he took for himself. He started back. He came back. 

dje' na ta 6 tc'I 6 dje' sa ka nai ya dje' kon des da tee 

"Pitch to your father, pitch forme go for." "Pitch where I always get it 

6 yin ka du dji 6 gwa 6 mut tcu. a, tc'in des ya a cu. da wo de 

for it let him go." Then his grandmother he went to. "Grandmother 

what kind 

a t'l a di ye' di a cai' dut tcin 71H da k'e dji dut tcin na tel' 

is it he means?" he said. "Grandchild, tree is like animal. Trees large 

8 le dun ne cu 1 ga ze dji 6 V di zo 6 dje 1 ho lj ai yi a di 1 go wo 

growing together between only there pitch is. That he means. (?) 

ga yo ni ya 1 ga tsi djic a da de dla 6 ye t'a da ditc e he 

then he came to. With that stone mittens he made for himself. In them 

he put his hands. With 

10 yu de ditc gwa da tcin ne ye tcutc ye in te'e a de xul a wo 6 

he put them on, then stick he took he threw from one to the other but 

xon da ditc mut dji ce zo 6 * * * * l 1 l'a, 6 dje' ni dut 1 ya 1 wo 

he pulled his hand out. 2 His mittens only (?) After that pitch he took for - 

himself. Then 

12 ko la ga a ne di ye ye tc'I 6 di e si gwa a tai ye Yut ye so 

old man (?) he used to dream about now all he killed. 

wo te me di e tcai a yin la 6 

Very angry he made him. 

14 iwo' muttueke inne tade dji tee ka do di e \V 7utdi 

Then his daughters those three "Berries we will go for," they said. 

dji tee ka 7ut di es del ca ji die je xa won t'e na ditc e le 

Berries they started for. "My son-in-law, grizzly bear just that way 

used to be there. 

16 ka wo t'a ze ye' di gwa 6 go tc'I 6 7ut yes 6 atc djo 1 es da dlok 

We two will go to him," he said. Now thither they two started. "Here 

grassy point 

na tcl ; dju na di he le gl ye di ke 7ut din 6 atc ta di ye 7e 

large here he used to live," he said. They two came to the river. Three 

over there 

18 i'o ke na de ya djo m5 ni I ni da ye' di mo ni e dja' ta yin- 

in the prairie stood. "Here you watch them," he said. He watched them. 

Them to run out 



1 The narrator was unable to remember a few words at this point. 

2 It was translated thus, but the meaning probably is that the trees beat against each 
other catching his mittened hand. He released himself by withdrawing his hand from the 
stone mitten. 



310 Anthropological Payers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

de djut *a won dla 6 gwa 6 yit tc'et dl yes del ta de de ll wo dai 

he caused. Then they came to him three of them, one ahead of the other. 

2 ye yet dain in hits gwa 6 dut tc'I u a. ka wot ye € na xus ke ge 
He shot through them. Then his wife he called to. ' ' Our children 

a tai ya 7ut des wo ye dl ye 
all he has killed," he said. 

4 gwa gl des so a tai dl ge k'e he nai 7ut da 1'itc 7a lj 6 ti ye- 

Then he chased him. All world he chased him around. Then he started - 

to kill him. 

zlxai ml ge wo tea de ti e Ta wo t'o tci kawotye ga nes del 

Lake large he dived in. Pelican he called for. They lighted there. 
6 tii yaTutdesdo a tai te ye gi yin ka na ta ga lin k'alazo* 

Water they drank all up. All in the water they looked for. Then nearly 

6 a7aylle t djus dai kawotye dledji € ye' dl gwa 6 ya 7a 

they did it. Snipes (?) he called for. "Come here," he said. Then with him 

8 ga go dji ya gi wo t'g tci a nat t'l ye ll muk ga ga € ac 1 

they were going. "Over there pelican all of you just by him go," 

ye' dl I duz dai mut t'o tci ga nes del xut diis da sa but 1 

he said.. Snipes pelican they lighted near. "Oh, snipes, my belly 

10 indanadllde ye' dl du l da ti a tea 6 tsl 6 ts'un nai ka da dun- 

you seem to like," he said. "Somewhere black water bug skull I myself looked - 

for." 

nes ta In la w5 te ye 6 yi ze yi ye wot ye ai tai gi wa ni get 

One place in his mouth very all they stabbed him. 

12 gwa 6 7in del a tai 7U ye nais detc ko la me te'e ie 6 j 6 j a ta 

Then they flew off. All along there they flew off. Old man. used to be bad 

all of him 

tu ye 7ut des wo 

water he was killed with. 

14 e du we tcV gwa 6 yi dai dl es ya at du ton t'e dji 6 dl es ya 

From there then forward he started. Not far he went 

du ye dun ne ni ya ke ni ya djo 6 o zo 6 ko la' mut tsl 6 duk- 
along there man was going. He came down to the river. Here only old man 

his head was gray. 

16 k'ul la ti sun na won nj ya me 6 a ll' ku dl ai la mut tcil le i' 

Miserable, he came there. "Who is it?" he thought. That one his younger - 

brother 

6 ul ll lo es ke 7m ll do la ni luy 7ut ye 6 I me ul ll yu dl gwa- 
it was. Young men when they were they saw each other. "Who is that?" 

he thought. Then 

18 hwe 6 7a 7ut da k'e he 6 le wo 7tit dltc I la 1 lo duY 7a 1 1 7m- 

the way they had lived they told each other. Then brothers of each other 

they were 

lin lo gwa hwe 6 le na 7ut dl 
then they knew. 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 311 



Agait'osdunne, The Hair Scrapings Man. 1 — First Version. 
In la di dun ne ne 1q k'a detc In t'l zo a zis a djin la de 

Once people many were going about. Suddenly hides where they had - 

been dressing 

2 I e di wo tc'i € tc'it do a ut stik at hai tc'e gu a cl ne 6 ai tai 

from there child was crying. All women those all 

wa tc'P na wut de sutc 7a tin a du lj gl £ a a 7a In la de tcu yl € 

toward it ran. Then nothing they found. Hairs one at a time 

4 wa nl gul lj on at du lj wq lj gwa hwe € tc'I ii a. wo tc'i € des ya 

they picked over. Then nothing was there. Then old woman toward it went. 

edlz5 a 7a t'a tc'it do a ka duz nl ye din tl dutc tcl ze 6 

Only there among the hair child was crawling about. She took it up. 

Her mitten 

6 t'a yin tin 

she put him in. 

e du tc'j 6 ya 711 1 da gii e t'l na tea 1 a dja € gwa k'a da tee 

Thereafter she took care of him. Quickly large he became. Then 

he walked about 

8 a dja* I do we tee xa k'l tc'I dun na a ll Id 1 wo I'd ke zo ca 

it became. Thereafter from buff alo person he was because ' ' Grass only 

to me 

ni nul letc a cun* et di xai ye I 1'ok ya nil letc I xut 1'e ge 

bring, grandmother," he said. She did that; grass she brought for him. Dur- 
ing the night 

10 ai tai I'o ke ne du we gii zo e xa t'l z5 da ton te ku di me- 
an grass was gone. Then "Only that he is doing," she thought. His grand- 
mother 

tcu a. yu. di he na yun nes t[ ye k'ai ta miit tciit de € ga nl tc'il di 

thought about him. She lay down again. She looked at him. Her blanket 

there was a hole through 

12 yedlwotc'i 6 yukk'aita gu zo nl € I ya at duk gat at ye 2 xa k'l 

from there she watched him. All at once he got up ; he shook himself imme- 
diately buffalo 

a dja € yekausl ku di ye yu e djl e na nes tj giizo 6 xa t'l lo 

he became. "Why did I do this?" she thought. Under that she lay down again. 

Then ' ' What are you? ' ' 

14 yii di e du wa tc'i e on djon ya 7ut da 

she thought. After that well she kept him. 

Int'Izo tca e e tc'tit tc'tit daitc dun ne gos tai ku di e [ € [ tea 

Then beaver they were after. "People I will look at," he thought. Beaver 

16 tc'iit ditc utdii dun na dje dut di hi ai yl ut sun tea tsun 6 

they were eating. Not people pitied him (?). That meat beaver meat 



1 Told by Louiscon, Alexander Cardinal interpreting. This text was also traced in part. 

2 Probably for tit t'e, "immediately." 



312 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X r 

ya e i na nes € ak 11 ml de tc'e on lj a wg € In la t'l ko la mai- 

he saw. He was fooled. Very he was angry but one old man (?) 

2 yi tc'I e tcu dl ya yi € g tea* ts'un ne 6 dtin ne 1'g ni dl I 'u* 

he gave him. Beaver leg bones after the people were gone he took up then 

yut ye duk dl e ci tew a, de € ut de jo tea* zo wa xai lis es si 

he swallowed it. "If I pass it only then beaver you will kill," 

4 ku ye dl 

he thought. 

galinlo mut tew a. es ke ge en ne zo e dtin ne ke gut ditc 

Then his grandmother boys those only people were going about. 

6 In da lin ya gut dl but' mut tcu a dun ne k'e ya 7ail ditc mai- 

Then they were starving. His grandmother after the people was going about. 

Her nephews 

ze' e me gall ya dl but gu ye en da dla he 6 a cun e da uc- 

then were starving. With them it was difficult. ' ' Grandmother I will fish 

8 yuj je tea tii wa ts'a tse I € e dl uc cii djo la lii ge a t'e ci 

beaver lake old one there, grandmother, here fish there are," 

edl Iwo' Ide ya taYanlxIl moedaucgujjl e* dl ' yiie da e e'- 

he said. Then chisel for him she cut the ice. "I will sit for it," he said. 

"Where he is fishing 

10 guc dji de e ca tca € na tel' xain la I tc'a gu lai l dut tcin 

I will go," Beaver large he took out. (?) stick 

te na yut sits I e e do Yai guc ce 1 la e dl an t'l e xun ne xul a eg 

he pushed in the water. There he was fishing. (?) Four he clubbed. 

' ' ' Grandmother 

12 I ts'I lii ge dl an t'e zl a xai ye' dl mut tcwa/ ye tc'I des ya 

down there fish four I killed," he said. His grandmother toward it. started 

gu zo tea 6 na tel dl an t'l ze' xain lo I lo a dl ni ye din la 

Behold beaver large four he had killed those he meant. She took them up ; 

14 gu wes gunge 6 na yi la tca e tsun 6 7a ts'et a ciin tea ts'us- 

in the fireplace she put them down. Beaver meat they ate. "Grandmother, 

mesentery 

dl le 6 ca ne ts'ul ye dl e xa yin la 

for me roast," he said. She did that. 

16 gwa 6 mut tcu a dun ne k'e ye dl es 7m yit da 6 na 7ut ye lo 

Then his grandmother after the people she carried him. Ahead they had - 

been living 

dun ne ga 6 1 e dja € tea tc'iis dl le € ut sits dun ne ut du dje- 

people they saw it was. Beaver mesentery he was eating. People not (?). 

18 da dut dl ne 2 gi gai 7ut de la a 7ai t'us dun ne e yi on I ya wos ya 

They went after him. Agait'usdunne over there he went. 

tea tcos dl le e gi ge dut de ya gi tc'a, k'ut de na 7I de tci 7I tye 

Beaver mesentery they went after. The children they were carrying they put - 

down. 



"Spear handle (?)." 

With negative it was translated, "became crazy." 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 313 

lin 6 gi de tcai a gi yin la e yi ts'I 6 mai ze tea w5 6 dai is 16 dji 

Very angry they made him. Down his uncle for beaver where he set snare 

2 I e de In k'e tin tci ut dain tcii da t'l a t'l ye dl ye ca 

there on that he started to cry. Himself too "What is it?" he asked. 

' ' For me 

za za wo xai ll ye dl I ga hwe € tca € tea ts'un ne I I ce tco 6 

kill it," he said. Then beaver leg bone he passed. 

4 lin do in na dl xe ci ai yi ai tai muz ze xa ya 7m la 

Then all who were there those all his uncles took them out. 

e du we tc'i e yit dai 6 7ut des da k'a djii ye 7ut yi but* 

From there ahead they moved off. Again they were starving 

6 a wo dja 6 1 dl xa k'l nes to 1 tea 6 I tc'ut dl ye dun ne ta ke- 

it happened. "There buffalo not knowing I saw," someone said. From among - 

people 

wo ne dji e t'o niYutdlla dun ne teg' 1 yi ka des ya xak'i 

arrows he took. People asleep for them he started. Buffalo 

8 na de lg won ni ya ye tc'I ni des ya xa k'l a dja e xa t'e ye ni- 

were there he came. To them he was coming buffalo he became. Just 

he started to play. 

tc'i ate a tai ya 7m wo 

All he killed. 

10 yi dje na da le mut duy 7a wesofiga 2 won tea de a wo- 

He was going back for him fireplace large when it had been prepared 

tc'in dla de ts'a de ts'I mut tcii 6 tctltc k'ut te'e tcti7 7e da 

they were sitting. His grandmother wood who was sitting on crying 

12 u cu ye wo a dl dl ye dl ye In la dl xa k'l ma na du e hi 

"Grandmother, why do you say that? " he asked. One buffalo their (?). 

dun ne mais tea. 6 ne dl to I et'u in la dl mais tj I wo ton 6 I 6 I 

Man his bow one he had taken, arrows one bow he was holding. 

14 k'a la 7e kai me as et dl me as e dl dun ne tun ne dut lute 

"Caught in the willows, who said that of me? Who said that of me? Person's road 

who carries arrows." 

lin do at du ll nawoteye 6 I wo et du ut de t'ok dut si 6 

Just nobody spoke. That is why not he shot. Their heads 

16 on ke t'e e in le dai yi tcutc k'e yin ni yltc tci yit da gin la na xa- 

two he held together. He broke them. He threw them in the fire. ' ' Your animals 

7ut dai dac la lo yit dai xe t'l e na de hi ku ye dl he tc'a gin del 

what did I do to? " "Ahead they were staying," they thought. They started off . 

18 ko la in la t'l e dl dun ne 1'q e sut da xa k'l k'a but t'a 

Old man one here after the people left sat. Buffalo fat his blanket 

ya t'o e I dut tea 7a xai ya 7m 6 o a ca xa k'l ya dji tc'ii ne 6 

he had put that for his grandfather he pulled out. "Grandfather, buffalo 

young wolves 

1 Translated ' ' after everybody lay down ' ' ; compare dun nel'oe, " after the people left , ' ' 
1. 18 below. 4 

2 See, gii wes gun ge e , p. 312, 1. 14 above. 



314 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

ye ze xai lg I k'a la but t'as t'g I yu di e ya yin £ g ut du xa- 

killed it is its fat." "I put it in his blanket," he thought. He gave it to him. 

' ' Not young buffalo fat 

2 k'a k'a a ll ku di gwa hwe € dut tea' da di a gun ne t'e 

it is," he thought. Then his grandfather he told it was. 

gu ye t'o eeci ye na 71U di ye xa da xat (?) da 71H t'o e ye na- 

" Their arrows they will know (?). Their own arrows if they know 

4 7tlt di e de € I 7a de xa k'l yl gut u le cin de tee a ca 7ut di 

by that buffalo let them take. I was angry they said that of me." 

ut du xa k'a at du k'a ul li ku di mut tea' 1 wo ke ne ll 

"Not young buff alo not fat it is," he thought his grandfather because 

he was glad. 

'6 gwa hwe € mut tea da di gu ye t'o us si e na gut di ut de € 1 7a da 

Then his grandfather he addressed. ' ' Their arrows if they know by that 

xa k'l ni gut u ll gu ye di go tc'i e mut tea' dun ne k'e tun te'e 

buffalo they will take," he told them. Thither his grandfather after the people 

he moved. 

8 xa k'l se tetc kii7utdlye gl e 6n e de ts'I lo ye 7a djo 1 da ts'a 

"Buffalo are lying there," they thought. Over them they were sitting. "Why 

here are you sitting? " 

gu ye di ma 7ut da wo 1'ul ku 7ut di ye la 7ut t'l 1 ya7idaide £ 

he asked. "We will snare them," they thought. (?) if they are alive 

10 xa wot t'e la gu ye di ko la 1 w5 ye tc'I € a a ya la e t'ai na- 

it would be like that," he said old man, but to them he came immediately, 

"Your arrows 

xai t'o e me da din € ai si in do wa lei gu ye di ut dain a cu yu 

those they are sticking out of you take," he told them. "I myself and my - 

grandmother 

12 na xa gut dai wo lj ku di da t'a si tc'ul la k'e ni da sul la xa k'l 
our animals there will be," he thought. His own poor arrows he left on buffalo 

ye le da ni € ets 
they all stepped on. 

14 a 7ai t'os dun nai ti sun ne a di zun 1 € e di yit dai dun ne 

Agait'Ssdunnai miserable was becoming. There ahead people 

ne 1q me di hi gl yl di mat t'u e ma tc'a € I xa des ya ya k'ai- 

many their boss they had his daughter they did not like. He went out. 

She looked at him. 

16 ta e na dai € yin dji e djes dun ne ye* di li € yin de tc'I a ye di 

"Your eyes I do not like," she said. Really he became angry 

1 he € ya 1'q e wa tc'j* des ya ya 1'g e 1 sul luts gu e t'e gu- 

because behind her toward he started, behind her he urinated. Quickly 

her abdomen (?) 

18 tc5 mut tcwa, ga ni ya tc'indi 1 kwe. awa'dlj et di tc'in di 
her child was born. "Medicine lodge make," he said. Medicine 



i "Ghost, spirit" (?). 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 315 

kwe. a gin la € mut ta 6 yi le sj € k'e wo hits us si e di gwa e 

lodge they made. "His father who is let him urinate on," he said. Then 

2 tc'in di kwe. a 7I li' ni 71I11 ni del ta na 7ut det tetc on 7wa li 

medicine lodge which they had made they went in. They missed him once in a - 

while. Then for good 

na dii e mut ta € tilled lit du a da tc'ut di a 7a t'os dun ne i* 

he was gone. His father he is not they knew. Agait'osdunne 

4 Izg' a du wa tc'it da ya xa 4 dun ne a lgn t'e djo' a tc'it du yi 

only not went there. "Well, man it is here let him come." 

£ 6n mut tew a/ uc ci ti sun na ye ka a da di a 1 ya di I yu a di 

Then his grandmother, ' ' My grandchild pitiful concerning this what are you - 

saying?" she said. She liked it 

6 xon t'6 wo e wo tc'j e des ya ni ye de mut tc'i € tc'tit de ti tit' ye 

that is why thither he started. When he came to it he took it, immediately 

ye k'e sul lilts 

on him it urinated. 

8 a tai i te'e gu yu a 711 t'os dun na I' gii na tun na ai tai 

All the woman too Agait'osdunne their clothing all 

gii k'tlt ts'e des la guyetc'g 6 kon € a tai dg' te'e nes suz € on 

they stripped off. From them fire all (?) they put out. Then 

10 mut tew a.' ts'e' xon yu tsi a le t'aiya7inla gii ye tc'g € miit- 

his grandmother sinew fire too pillow she put inside. From them his grand- 
mother 

tcw$, ti gun ni yu di giilo 6 xtlt dun ne gin € atc gii ts'e xain la 

they drove off. ' ' I wish in the morning when they get up sinew they will take - 

out." 

12 xat dun ni gin e ats tit dii li gi ye at t'i wq li a cu. tc'i a le e 

In the morning they got up nothing they could use was there. "Grandmother's 

pillow 

t'a na ni t'a ye' di ye tc'it des ya e t'i zo ts'e' I yu kon* 

look inside." he said. She started to it. All at once sinew under fire 

14 yii se se la Ion kon € na 7m la e gii hi 6 e t'o sa a ne le' te'e gu- 

she has left. Fire she built again. "I wish arrows forme you make," woman 

te'e e di xa da k'ut dai 6 me te'e le hi ta si ya on la* gii lu € 

he told. Just willow poor arrow she made for him. ' ' I wish 

16 tc'ii ne ta di tc'ii na € hV a xo na wo wo site e di ye ut du 

wolves three wolves I wish would come to us," he said. Not 

la dai k'a djo tc'ii na ta di 7a wa sil a tai ya 7m wg I te'e- 

long again wolves three were coming. All he killed. The woman 

18 guii ye tc'i 6 des ya yinwo 6 dai € I tcut ya 7at ta de da 

to them she went. Their noses she took hold of. She rubbed them. Three 

a tai xai yin la e 7tlt t'a wo ne ta wo ni I t'a 7a gin del gii lii 6 

all she took out. The skins untanned . inside they went. "I wish, 

20 ma tci ke nin de ta di ma ta 6 wa' sil wo le € e' di ut du la de 

caribou thirteen you will run along it will be," he said. Not long 



316 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [VoL X, 

ga wa' sil a tai ya 7m wg ga a zis tc'u. a 7ut de dla 6 k'a dju, 

they came. All he killed. For them skin tipi they made. Again, 
2 xut da ta dl hV a xa ga 6 la ni wo sit ta dl yu ga € ni wo nl sut 

"Moose three I wish by us would run." Three by them came. 

1 dju a tai ye 7m wg ga lin a t'a zi' at du ll 1 gut dut li 

Those too all he killed. Then leather nothing they had 

4 a gut dja 
they made. 

mut tee yi' gu ga 6 wut ye don ke a na wo ke le a el gu ye dl 

His father-in-law "With them very famine you will die with," 

he told them. 

6 muttcwa.i ai yi zo e k'e a ka da 7m sut 1 e he 6 a du don 

His grandmother, she only after fat he left. With that not (?) 

1 de xa 7a lj 6 don ke gu ye in da dla xut dut da t'a gun na- 

(?) just starvation with them was hard. Just that way they were dying 

8 ke so ku 711 1 di e tco na wo de li kii dl ga € na 7a del ga lln € 

they thought. "Well, we will come," they thought. Then they came. Then 

at du na gut dut del e di ga ni gin del gii tse do at du sai 

not they could go, there they came back. "Formerly not I 

10 gii ya at sun a wos li he si gii ye di gii tse do a tcii dez ya 
for them meat I will get, I said," he said. Before he went away, 

xat da' na hi 7ilt di le de € at dii xa la dl ii 7iit t'ii gii yet de 
"Moose many when they go not the leader shoot," he told them, 

12 a wo e ga ni gun ni del ga xa da was sil t'ais 1'a tci' i zo ii 7iit t'ii 
"but when they come, they run out those behind only shoot." 

awon € me zi dun ne a lido' xaladi diin ne I e de luts me- 

But owl person when he was the leader man he shot. His wife 

14 te'I ii a. a zis won de dla ye des so ton tl a te'e ni l'a 15 ye 1- 

skin (?). She chased him. Far he stopped running, he fell. 

ts'ut lg xwon tl / yut dai nul lj at dii 6 gwe de ta na won tsit' 
"This kind animal you are. Not quickly you will die," 

16 ye* di gazis yet dii ne ditc gwa me tci ii % ne na 1 dja I wo' 
she said. "Skin you roll up in." Then his wife got up. Then 

me zi 1 mut si* muk k'a ts'et de 7al I wo la miit tsl € na tco de 
owl his head they clubbed that is why his head is large. 



Agait'osdunne, The Hair Scrapings Man. — Second Version. 

18 xa k'ai zis ai yi t'a e do we ts'e 6 ts'it do tit suk i e di 

Buffalo hide inside it from there child cried. Then 

wut s'it ti a ja i e di xa k'i 7a 6 ai yi ta zo* ts'it do sut da' 
she started to it. There buffalo hairs among them only child sat. 

20 ni yi di ti ti sun ne yu di mut dai ya sun ne € un a wo ne € tin- 
She took it up. Poor thing she thought about it. They tried to prevent her, but 

"It is pitiful" 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 317 

sun ne yii di nl ye dl ti ya Yiit da yen de ce 

she thought. She took it up. She cared for it. She raised it. 

2 gu e t'e nut ca a t'i a cun € ye di Yd gi zg e ca yii e 

Quickly large it was. "Grandmother," he said, "grass only under me 

ni ni le l ye di I'o gi zg e ye yii e ni li ai yi xa 1'e gi ut du lj 

put," he said. Grass only under him she put. That during the night 

nothing 

4 se € o nun zo ' on lj a cai da t'i an t'i yii di mut ts'ut de- 
lay there. Ground only was there. " My grandchild what are you doing," 

she thought. Her ragged blanket 

tc'il k'e wo tc'P yuk k'a ta xut 1'e ge xa k'i na tci' ni i get 

through it she looked at him. At night buffalo large he got up, 

6 dus ti e ut sit a cai xa k'i lg a t'j yu di 

what he was lying on (?) he ate up. "My grandchild buffalo is," she thought. 

dun ne do € a wo xa k'i € ts'a £ i dun ne ne lg ne a t^j 
People famine was killing. Buffalo someone saw. People were many 

it was. 

8 xat Yi dji € mm ka ts'a du de li inlazo € awo'j ku di xa k'i 
"Tomorrow after them we will go. All together we will do it," he thought. 

Buffalo 

ya € j xa Ye ge dun ne tco' dun ne € e t'o e dun ne ta k'e we- 
he saw. At night while the people were asleep peoples' arrows among the people 

' one from eadh 

10 ne e t'e e e t'o ni din tg xut 1'e ge xa k'i ka des ya ya e \ 

arrows he took. At night buffalo he started for. He saw them. 

ye ts'it des ya ye ga ni ya et du ye ne djit yii da t'ii ai te 
He started toward them. To them he came up. Not they were afraid of him. 

He shot them. All 

12 ye ze l xai dun ne e t'o don li mug 7ut dai £ da yiin \\' ku di 
he killed. "People's arrows they are his animals they will be," he thought. 

k'e ni dai yes tg di us cii yii ut tsun 6 a do die he yii di de t'g 

He placed them on them. "This my grandmother meat we will make," 

he thought. His own arrows 

14 gn ke t'i k'e ni la 
two he placed on them. 

yi de dun ne ka na des ya yi di zo kon ne tcai a ts'in la* 

Back to the people he started back. Just back there fire large someone - 

had made. 

16 dun ne 70 no Yiit dja mut tcwu. tcutc k'ut dje € at tsiik a cii 

To the people he came back. His grandmother on the wood was crying. 

' ' Grandmother, 

da na da dun ne muY yut da in ka din ya ne ni k'e sut dii- 
what is the matter? " "People their animals for you went, 'On you we will - 

build a fire' 

18 li di ne di me* a ce di et di dun ne a tai un ne di ye dun ne 

they say of you." " Who says it of me? " he asked. "People all say it of you. 

People 



318 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

ut du mi nl di ge a tc'et di' na xa Yiit dai e du \\ tai 1'a I e di 
not are pleased they say." "Your animals none ran away. There 

2 xut 1'e a na € u di xe mut ts'it ta na dll at du li tai 1'a e di 

at night they are still there to them go. None has run away," he said. 

dun ne l'g e I e di sut da ko la li gi ya ga sut da a ca, 

After the people had left there sat old man one. By him he sat. 

"Grandfather," 

4 I e di tc'ii yu na ya ya ze ze' xai I la 711s *I ye di a ye di 
he said, "wolves young one killed I saw," he said. (?) he said. 

dun ne k'e 7ut des € atc I e di xa k'l a t'l 1 e di zg € sut ti 
After the people they two started. There buffalo were. There only they lay 

6 ut ts'i tc'ut sut ti ye tc'e a e di mut ts'it sut des del xa k'i 
toward they were lying. In front of them there toward them they went. 

' ' Buffalo 

anaiidehe ku 71a t di awon € 71 ts'e des del ai te ye7inwg 
we will surround (?) " they thought, but they went to them all he had killed. 

8 e t'6 xa k'ai k'e da se tg me na ts'et di e ka wo te dtin ne 
Arrows on the buffalo lay on them by those they knew them. Very people 

I nl di ge e do wo lo 
were pleased. The end. 



Atceco Kills Buffalo. 

10 da' dun ne ya'dibatdu xa k'ai tcV i tes 6* ne du we tajowe 

Then people when they were starving buffalo someone saw. Guns 

were none. Open place 

6 a t'j e e' et du € a* tc'el le a jg on t'e xa 1'e dje me da cj xa nac € I 

because it was not they could do anything it was. "Tomorrow that we may - 

corral them, fence 

12 a tc'ul le ts'et di a yi € e' a yi ze nl he € me tc'e tc'el le li gi tc'ut do 

we will make," they said. Then that day they left them. One boy 

e e tee cq € 6 ye da ne' jj £ ka des ya dla. a yi *e' da ne 1 ye tc'j € me- 

AtcecQ called people (?) after them he started. Then people at him 

they were angry. 

14 dje xain ke da ne' £ ai k'e a jo f a' won t'e e e' xa 1'e ta mifika 
People all because (?) they were next day after him 

ka tc'e tes del 
they started. 

16 ac ka ne du we gwa at dun ne t[ da xa k'ai ka des ya 1q ts'uz- 

Boy was gone. Then he himself alone buffalo started after. "Letus- 

kill him," 

zu xail et tc'ut di gwa mi ka tc'ut des del 7it da 7a kwon ne tea* 

they were saying. Then after him they started. Waiting for him fire large 

18 *a 7m la e djn 7ut des ts'i na 7ut dat me tc'gn ye ne xe ya 7a 

they made. There they were sitting. He was coming back. His grandmother 

raised him over there 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 319 

kwon tc'ai me tcwon' a tcuk sut da £ a cgn £ ye ka ne tcuk 7a ye dl 

behind the fire his grandmother crying sat. ' ' My grandmother, why are you - 

crying?" he asked. 

2 djo ne € tse zii xai le ne tc'et di ayi*e' a cuk' ye di me 1 a ce dl 

"These people 'We will kill him' they say of you." Then "Grandmother," 

he said, "which one 

cut da da di a ce dl j cj me da € tc'e ne djit ke k'e 

said that of me show me." They were afraid of him. 

4 xa* gwa xa k'ai ka tc'ut des del e dj na di *j € j 7m yl ka di \ j 

Then buffalo they started after. Where they had been they went to look. 

gwa k'a me da t'j tc'e 1 na a xa* yin a son 1 a yj € ac ka gu k'e na 7a- 

Still they were to be seen. "Hold on, they might see us." That boy 

after them went along. 

6 dal tc'e xa k'ai na nl ylc a cg € gi ye dl 7a a yi xa k'ai ja ga wg 

"Hold on, buffalo might see you," they said. For them these buffalo 

he killed. 

gu tac e me is ke ge na lg on ke k'l xain la e e * e yl e e ' y [ ka des- 

His arrows his children many two he took out. Then to this he started. 

8 yalg xutl'e7e e dj xa k'a ya7in7glg da' xun na on ke k'l 

That night there buffalo he killed. Some of them two 

7a da sel la mes ke ge in la t'j xa k'ai I la di gu ya da sel la 6 a- 

he gave to them; his child one, buffalo one he alloted. Then 

10 yi € e* ya7a7itda 

they were saved. 



Atceco Kills a Bad Man. 
1 la 70 t'e di ya tc'e di bat e u' lu ge na Iq a da tc'e di gfi ka 

One time they were starving. Then fish many they knew in that direction 

12 tc'a del e dj ko la me tc'e le na di ye e e da tc'et di € a yl' e e' 

they traveled. There old man bad was living they knew. Then 

na du e e cj ku tc'ut dl e yl e e gwa tc'j £ tc'a del e j e [ k'a ye di 

he was away they thought. Then thither they had traveled still there 

14 *a t'l lg a yi ac ka na ts'ut le a ce ma k'a wo cj € et dl me na- 

he was. That boy small, "Grandfather I will visit," he said. His friends 

djl ne yu la yet dl € in k'ai dec but ca in da wo de dla. ma k'a- 

" Do not," said. "Nevertheless, I am starving forme it is hard, I will visit - 

him," 

16 7a wo ce' et di wo te na ts'e ne € tin e a wgn e yiii ka des ya 

he said. Very they restrained him but to him he started. 

yo nai ya a yi ko la ye ka di ya ye di a ca € dec but a yi e e 

He came to him. That old man, "Why, did you come?" he asked. 

' ' Grandfather, I am starving because 

18 du' di € e ni ka ts'i ts'i de ca e yi € e* £ ac t'i ye di r ku la at du 

this way to you I came. That is why I am," he said. Old man "Not 



320 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

la de ye dl € a wg t'j *g din da ye dl ne ju cail e ci e ca' k'a da- 

long time," he said, "you will be. Go back," he said, "I will kill you." 

' ' Grandfather as people 

2 ne e dini dll a din dl e g lu ge ma ne t'es et dl me tc'i yu 7a 

(?) you speak." "Well fish cook for him," he said. His wife 

ja lu. we se t'e me' juc xai le kii dl ko la gwa € a yl ac ka 

for him fish cooked. "I will kill him," he thought old man. Then that boy 

4 lii ge yat tset' da ne t'e lii ge 7m tset k'a 7m da € on t'e a tce- 

fish he ate. "What are you? Fish you ate still you live. You are Atcecwa," 

cwa ye di a ca € u. da e 7ac t'e xa t'e ca ni tcut di ai ye e e 

he said. ' ' Grandfather, then what am I thus to me you gave to eat. Then 

6 a 7iis set cin di ge wo lj' da was di xa a din di kwon k'e a gon* 

I ate it. I was glad it was. What did I do you speak that way? But 

cin di ge tc'ai on lj' 

I am glad it is." 

8 k'atcii ma in t'es yedi ma tc'i yu wa tc'i ya et'e € e'du dane" 

"Again for him cook," he said. His wife for him she cooked. "Not 

person 

xa ci le da on le € j € j e [ k'ai tc'in t'e da * wo t'a ci e ca. da goc di he ka 

did it to me it has been. Nevertheless supernatural power we will use on each - 

other." "Grandfather, what am I to do 

10 *a din di hwon k'e awo € cedeye € nelg 7m tset aca' nunne xats'e* 
you speak that way? " "But my food much you ate." "Grandfather, you first 

a ce ne le 1 ye di e yi ko la ga tc'in t'e a yin la te ka tee tcok' a yi 
do something to me," he said. That old man supernatural thing he did. 

Large frog that 

12 me \\ sut da ng € ye' di ai ye ac ka ye di ye de duk' u nun nai 
his palm sat. "Take it," he said. That boy he told. He swallowed it. "Now 

you 

*a ce ne le ye di i he a ca ii da ye € et da wac de u ka a din di- 
do something to me," he said. "Yes, grandfather, what do I know because - 

of which you speak that way? " 

14 kwofi k'e € a won gwa ut tee con 6 te ka tee at cut le de duk 

But then, "AtcecQ frog small you swallowed, 

da ne t'e at du kindine 6 a l e aca ( 6 u da was t'e e u ka a din de 

how is it not you minded it?" "Grandfather what am I because of which 

you say that?" 

16 ku la ye de duk' ga cu 6 e tc'itc a dja € 

Old man swallowed it, then hardly he breathed it became. 

e tee co xwon e de la kii la 6 at dun ni a ce' i at da wo di a yi e e* 

AtcecQ ran back. Old man "He he did it to me he knows." Then 

18 a tee con* gwa tanadel'a metc'iyiiwa* wo t'e iitco' me k'e no ya 
AtcecQ then he ran back. His wife, "Very well after him go, 

*a'nacudle ye' k'e de ca te'e ge tsj € ti sun ne etdu gwa cue- 
get him to cure me." After him she started, woman it was pitiful. "Not yet 

I can marry 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 321 

da a yg w5n t'j na nu tj ye dl I he e' di ye ts'i* xwon nl dja 

it is. Let him keep you," he said. "Yes," she said. Toward him he turned - 

back. 

2 gwa k'a xwon dju e djitc ja k'ain e djin gwa k'a e djic lg e yl 

Yet so well he was breathing. Over him he was singing. Still he was - 

breathing. That 

te ka tee lin do 6 me ze k'e li ye dun ne £ g gwa t'ai ts'tit 

frog at once his mouth he closed. Then he died. 

4 gwa ta na de dla ye dV e no dja da € o wun ne da € a ne t'j e e ce' 

Then he ran back. Back there he came. " How did you live, you are?" 

"My grandfather 

wo te* tcii ya lg fit du me te'e le wo dja tcun ni cut gus set a k'ai 

very was kind. Not he is bad. Well he fed me. I ate it." 

6 ku la me te'e le £ j *j € ut da tc'et dl a yl € e me dje ne djit gwa 

Old man used to be bad they knew. Then they were afraid of him. Then 

e tee co yezexai wo' te dtin ne € [ nl dl ge a dja* gwa go tc'j e 

AtcecQ killed him. Very people were pleased it happened. Then to it 

8 ts'e di es da liigeka ayi € e' dunne nelone dayutda me tc'i- 

they moved camp, for fish. Then people many were saved. His wives 

yiie nelg dana yaywo ayitc'iyo 6 a nryedilehl € aik'e nina- 

were many. People he had killed the wives of those those he had taken, all 

they took. 

10 tc'et dl la ayl € e da ne 1 nelgne £ j dl ge a dja € e te'e di e tee co 

Those people many they were glad it happened they say, AtcecQ. 



Agait'osdtjnne Marries the Chief's Daughter. 
a Yai t'os dun ne' e lj lg et du a da tc'et dl xo te dun ne ti sun ne 

Agait'osdunne it was. Not they knew. Some kind man, miserable 

12 dun ne £ 5 dji 6 ti sun ne dun ne' e lj xo t'e dun ne ye te'e I ne 

man, more than that miserable man he was. Such man they despised, 

e du H* ze € xai e yl e he* li gin dun ne min kai e lj dun nai ti 

nothing he killed because of that. One man respected was. Headman 

14 tc'et dl me tu e xon djo ya Tut da ke te'e le hwu ke woe e al e- 

they called him. His daughter well he kept her. From bad he kept her. 

On account of that 

yl tea* won dju ya yut da 
well he kept her. 

16 giizo € int'Izo ma but ne tea 6 a dja € don t'l wo' 6 t'e yu di 

Then suddenly her belly was large it happened. ' ' How did it happen 

is it?" he thought. 

mut ta € a da tcii di ku di ye tc'i tc'ut d5 a le hi a da tc'u li hi 

"Its father will be revealed," he thought. "From whom child is made it will - 

be revealed," 
18 ku. di mut ta € tc'ain t'e € e l in da de dla na tun ne ya dje 7a ytit da 
he thought, her father. With supernatural power, strong thunderbirds 

young ones he was keeping. 



322 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

kwa. e awondla € e di ml ka nuc tai € ku dl dun ne ai t'e e dl ni la 
The cage he made, "There to it I will look," he thought. People all there 

he took. 

2 me € a t'i et dl in du e dun ne ai t'e et dl ai yl na tun ne ya je f i € \ 

"Who did it?" he asked. "No," people all said. "That thunder bird 

young one 

ts'e xon t'e me da t'j € a yin la € € a t'i et dl kii yin da ma tcos ye e yl 
outside thus it appear make it it is," he said. "Go in his fine feathers 

those 

4 xat de 7a e yi 7a de yin ka ne ta 7a a ye e j kwe na tc'et date 
will be that way." That sign at it he would look that way they were coming - 

in. 

dit dl 1 et du na 7ai da xon t'e 

That one not it moved it was. 

6 gwa a 7m t'os dun ne a yl jg w5n \\ won dun ne ait'ela etdi 

Then Agait'osdunne that one only it is, "Here people all are?" 

he asked. 

in la t'l dun ne' gwa k'a et du jo na se ya et di ko wa lj ye di 

"One man yet not only he has come," he said. "He is there," he said. 

8 kii n ya e yi a 7a t'os kii in ya et t'e me tcoc ye e xa dja 6 ya 7m ya 
He came in. That Agait'osdunne he came in at once his feathers stood out - 

thus. 

a yi tc'i me tco wg lj lg kii dl me tee* 

"From that one her child is," he thought; his father-in-law. 

10 e yi wo te ti sun ne me tcwe. ye tc'i e ka de *a t'a 7un nu ts'i di 

That very miserable his child to him he sent. "Let them die," 

ye di ofi gu ge de ti 5n kii des la e du lj gunatunne* t'a 7ais ke 

he said. He threw her away. He threw them away. None their clothes 

they should wear. 

12 tj tsun ni da' et du a 7iit di hi yo a kii 7iit di a yi da zo a wo de ci 

It was pitiful. "Not they could do anything," they thought. That man, 

"We will live," 

et di tc'ain t'e £ e l xut da gu yo na get ye ze' xai a yi me zis xut t'e 

he said. With supernatural power moose came up to them. He killed it. That 

its skin just 

14 ye 7a 6 a yin la € k'us du e g ke 7ut de t'e xo tco a 7ut di dla e e yi 

its hair he made. Dress two of them good they made. He 

xa 7tlt dai on lj djo a 7ut di 6 et di' da' e yi me da t'i e yi t'a dji 

that kind of a being he is. There they were. If he said anything that ap- 
peared. With that 

16 7a 7ut da yas k'e € ut da ze r ut du te ge sun ne 7a he won li go tco 

they lived. Winter all not miserable they were. Good 

tinda € ine w5te ya7adibutlg guyifika na gut des del giizeze € ka e 

those they moved away from very they were starving. To them they were com- 
ing. As a corpse 

18 oii gi de ti e yi € e' et dii gu ya ni tcut ut da le e zg l gu ya ne e g 

they threw him away because of that not he gave them food. Blood only 

he gave them. 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 323 

ut da le' na lg gu ya ne € g a 7ut dun ne gi ze' xai t'a dji 7a wo dai 

Blood much he gave them. Those people "He kills with that we will live," 

2 giiyedl aiyl e e' yutdai ka desya metc'iu. £ e. 6 tc'in £ xalade 7a7ol 
they said. Then animals after he went. His wife "Ahead walks," 

et dl et du 71 zu xail et dl li gi dun ne dun ne tc'ul la' e lj' a yi 
she said, "not you kill," she said. One man bad man was. That one 

4 ye jo ai yi 7ut dai ai t'e 71 ye da wg € t'a dji ya 7a 7it da 
he shot it. Those animals all they killed with that they lived. 

gu z5 me tc'i ii a ne du. we tcec g kii di tc'e ge xa de zis 7a zo 

Then . her husband (?) was not. "He is wounded," she thought, woman. 

Moose skin robe 

6 in tcut e e' yifi ka des ya ye t'a se ya k'a won sut le 7iit da lg £ a zis 
when she took for him she went. To him she came. Still a little he was alive. 

Kobe 

ye tsl € k'e dayetsuz'e' naye7inda € 7ut dai ts'i dun ne e \[ lg 
on his head when she put she made him alive again. From an animal man was. 

8 a 7un t'os et du lj da' ma in da wot de dla € 

Agait'5sdunne nothing for him was hard. 



The Orphan Boy Kills Beaver. 1 
a t'a mut tcit le ma 1 ma ta € ai yi yu t'ais ki mut tcil le 

Young woman, her younger brother, her mother, her father, these too 

had died. Her younger brother 

10 ne cl don 1 k'e dun ne ta na ke tea 6 tu wut tc'a dje gu e 

she raised. Famine people was killing. Beaver lake along 

ts'unni dakehe 6 made ya7ail us tun ne aiyi € ca 7am get 

they came. His sister was carrying a load. ' ' Ice that for me cut a hole - 

through. 

12 dji ze woe dai € e* t'o k'ut ya' 7m 7at lu ge wgn e wos dai e 

By a hook I will sit. Arrows willows shave; for fish I will watch. 

yi du7 7et de xont di k'on 1 he € ye dl 

Up on shore make a fire." "Yes," she said. 

14 ediwotc'i 6 * 7utdi estate kon7a 7m da k'a djii' 1 e e di 

From there they two went on. By the fire he sat. Again there 

wo ts'it desya e t'o te nit sit' tsa € na lg' yu get xa ya 7m tgn 

thither she started. Arrow he stuck in the water. Beaver many he speared. 

He pulled it out. 

16 xal I he xaiya7inwg made ga no dja tca £ ni din le 7on- 

Club with he killed it. His sister he came back to. "Beaver get it." 

She started to it. 

des ya tea 6 na ni la xa ya da ne lut 

Beaver she brought. She singed them. 

1 Told by Ike with Alexander Cardinal serving as interpreter. 



324 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

ga con' dun ne k'e des ya xa ya da ne hit yii mut tcil le 

Then after the people she started. She had singed them her brother 

2 7a 7ait dut tcil le yuk k'e da se da tea* 1 he ye tcut tsa daitc 
she carried. Her brother on her sat. Beaver with they were working for 

gu ye ya 7ai le ts'a e j e mut tc'j € sut di des del ya tc'I tj ai ye 

along there she carried him. They saw him. To him they went. She put him - 

down. Those 

4 ma tce € mu ni ts'ut di la ai te xa tc'a gi la 

their tails they took from him. All they took. 

ai yi 1'on don ti gi un ni wo mi de tc'I atc'inla* tea 6 tc'a- 

After that famine was killing them. He was angry they made. Beaver 

knee bone 

6 t'sun ne € ai ye 7tit set' yin de tc'ai a t'l ne don € ti ni wo yi- 

that he ate. Because they made him mad famine was killing them. They sent - 

for him. 

k'a wo de e yecetsg 6 k'a djii tca e na 1q na 7a ze xai ga won- 

He defecated. Again beaver many they killed again. Then well 

8 tco yun gi da 

they lived. 



The Moose that Had Been a Man. 
dun ne ne 1q tc'a del xa Tit dg els k'a ga du jit e q' 6 e* di ko la 

People many were travelling about. "In the morning along the mountain 

I will hunt," he said old man. 

10 xada ye dits'uk xada okedl inla 6 agutt'i 7odji kola j Ida del- 
Moose heard him, moose two were together. That old man was a powerful - 

medicineman. 

la gwa axatc'itdaya e e'du me7aitda7a wolr da7ot'a xont'e- 

Then " He is coming after us ; not we will live it is. What shall we do? 

Nevertheless 

12 e won* wo te ke tsj wo e a ci a' si t'e 7on lj ka a yi ku la 7ut- 

very slyly we will travel we are it is." That old man they heard. 

dits'uk eyi € e* e a7utdi wotte ketsP 7a ac gwa € guye kola 

Then they did it, very slyly they traveled. Then along there old man 

14 des ya e a di *i et du ye ke 6 et da wo di ts'I € ofi gi j5 € nai ya 

started. (?) Not tracks he knew; straight to them he came. 

tac € ehe' ye ze xai et du ya ya 7m t'ats xat da on ke t'i 

With arrows he killed (one) . Not he cut it open. Moose were two. 

16 ll ge € nediiwe ku di ye ka des ya wo te k'a 1'etc ai yi 1q dji € 

"One is missing," he thought. For it he started. Very it ran; the end of it 

nestj xat da ayi kola ts'i € ontci yg naiya ye xada nlnijutyi- 

it lay down, moose. That old man straight to him came. That moose 

he drove up. 

18 tit'a t'a *e mestin yetdadidltc dlt'a na7utda dits'uk xat da 

With a feather bow showed him the way. His feather started to move 

he heard it, moose. 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 325 

ya 6 j dawacta gwa tg't'edg sezzexai kudi detcin na 1q woiik'a 

He saw him. "What shall I do? Now long ago he killed me," he thought. 

Trees many for a place 

2 ye £ j € de tcin na 1q di e dl wl tc'j € ni € j IV ye k'e da ni l'a dun ne 

he looked. Trees where there were many thither he ran. Along side of him 

he ran, man. 

e du ye yl e xa Ye xat da ma in da xo de la won sut die ta jon ge 

Not he could run away from him, moose. It was hard for him. Small open place 

4 won li et de sezexai7a wonlj* ku di € ent'ijo ta jo ge ne tis 

there was, "There he will kill me it will be," he thought. Suddenly 

' ' Open place I will lie down 

t J a dun na l'a etdu a'dexeejo a wo dja € ya k'ai na wot 1'a e t'e 

I will run near. Not I can do anything it happened." He jumped to it 

immediately 

6 ya I ts'ut 

he fell. 

dane eljlg eyi xat da eyi kola me telle yili'lg tawont'e- 

Man he was, that moose. That old man his younger brother he was. 

Long before 

8 do me ta dji e ni de e [ e [ e [ € e yi e lj \q ye k'e no wut 1'a cai ac t'j 

from the band he had disappeared. That was the one. Along side of him 

he stopped from running. "I it is, 

yeka a ne t'j ye di* u gwot da di ge wo'denitca go dji € a'- 

what do you want?" he asked. Then someplace world larger place thither 

you stay 

10 ne t'j et de u dai cin 1q yet dV utdu zexai me tci le ylli at da- 
it is better," he said. Not he killed him. His younger brother he was he knew. 

wot di eyl 6 e' ye te'e le dim ne a' na dja 6 

Then he left him man he became again. 



WonyonI Avenges the Death of his Sons. 1 

12 woySni tidazo at'I 7a Mo 2 meskege yaniyiitca 7onaxi 

Wonyoni alone he was. Finally his children he raised. "Just ourselves 

jo dim ne 1 la wo de in t'l zo me tcii ^ go na xai zo dun ne I la- 
only people one place?" suddenly his boy, "is it only us, people one place?" 

14 wo t'e e di In dii e nai se cac tu na zut e u y 1 djun xwa e lu ge 

he asked. "No, your uncle, Bear-stands-in-the-water is named, here close by 

fish 

wo lin di a t'j a won e ml tc'I le I wo tin da ya na xun na ci 
place where they are he is but he is mean. Because of that alone I raised - 

you." 

1 Told by Ike, a man about 70 years old who evidently knew many myths but who 
stammered at times making recording from his dictation difficult. 

2 "Like you keep trying and trying and at last you manage it." 



326 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

ti a xg di wo £ na hi se a ci muk ga da wo del e di xa sa tcu a ! 

"Father, nevertheless, our uncle we will visit," he said. "Well, my boy, 

2 ti ne sun ne at du wa won dai ci ye' di xon di a wo £ si ze a ci 

you are to be pitied. Not you will live," he said. "Nevertheless, my uncle 

muk ga woe dai ye' di e yl he € ga won lg na nun us £ un ye' di 

I will visit," he said. Then "Many times I have prevented you," he said. 

4 mes ke gi ta de na 7a 7ut des del 

His children three persons went toward him. 

in la t'l xais l'a hi ai yl wo djo ye tc'i £ wut dltc at du n5 diry- 

One the youngest, that one well he spoke to. " Not your brothers 

6 7a ne kiie7indel et du kiiwonya 6 ye'dl Iwo ke 1'u. nai gon- 

they go in, not you go in," he said. Then, "Shoestring dry, 

dacl ya kel'ul on la ye'dl inkelu atdii natcuttc'i 6 linwodai 

for it shoestring make," he said. "Track not strong one ahead of the other 

8 da £ a xa £ ni won lei ye £ di 

your snowshoes you leave," he said. 

gwa da € a xe £ xon la € ma da gu ec ke gu a da dja ne gi yo ni del 

Then his snowshoes he did that way. His older brothers young men 

the way they were came there. 

10 gaagadlle kuye7in £ atc kiienaiya ye'dl awon £ 7alln atdezut 

When they came there two went in. "Come in," he said but really he stood - 

still. 

te'e tc'; na tea tea a dji dun ne a tai ya won a ci ne Tais a yin lai e 

Outside he played. Those people all those he killed grease he made of them. 

12 dun ne dukgaale'ga ma je ke gun ni tciit a tea kai e ni7utylla 

"People cook for." His nephews he fed. Spears he took up. 

ya gut l'1 1'a dji a tea kai ni 7ut yin la lin gu kwe, l'a djl € es ke gu 

Where he kept them (?) spears he took. Just his tipi the back boys 

14 nlnlla Iwo nabe e yii 2 cac gii la xacl'intc e di leje daiyaje 6 

he put them. Then "Your aunt, bear it was we used to do to," he said. 

"She bear with young ones 

m5 na I dac da € gu la xa ci £ Itc in la wo te' xa in di dju da xa da- 

when we came to them it was we used to do this way. One place we would - 

scare them out. They would run out 

16 1'Itc in la wo te in da dji a ci gotc a yl 1 1'Ic a Ion t'e e di gu la 

together very on either side we would spear them. This grease it is," he- 

said. "It was 

xa ci £ Intc ga £ In la wo te es ke gu I gais got 

we used to do this way," same time very boys he speared. 

18 in la t'l es ka £ I ta na de l'a yl di ye ut tun ne ye di £ a son in ge lu 

One boy ran away. Back road he chased him. Track 

at du na tcut yai yl xa l'a ye te'e le I he £ dut ta ka ta na de dla 

not strong he outran him. He left him because to his father he ran back. 



1 Also given sa tcwQ. 

2 "The wife of a father's brother. 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 327 

dut ta € 7a no dla cut tcu € a no dii7 7a da 7tit dja yet di sis ze 

His father he came to. "My boy, your older brothers what has happened to? " 

he asked. ' ' My uncle 

2 guginwo e di q tit du wo yo ni at du kindle* xat ye € xo ta tcin 

killed them," he said. Now not, Wonyoni, not he cared. Just he lay by - 

the fire. 

mtit tcl u a tcuk ge e tcl ne dut dut tetc 

His wife she cried (?). She tried to throw herself into the fire (?). 

4 xa l'e dji na di ka 7a yin ka des ya xa nis ze at du ye di a te ci l 

The next morning daylight he started for them. "Come, your uncle 

let us go," 

ye dl mtit tcl u a u et di gi yin ka des e atc tin da lo xat ti € a 

he said. His wife (?) he said. To him they two started. He had moved away. 

"Just 

6 yi da ne xo ne a xo gut da dlotc e di nais ze m$t tea won ti e 

ahead my brother is laughing at us," he said. "Your uncle does not know - 

what to do, 

k'e wo a t'i la xtlt de yes ke ge ya 7m wq I ya de ye dun ne hit 

he is that kind." For nothing his boys he had killed, he burned them all over. 

8 gi k'e des € atc ye do na mj ge won tea de dain di e e dji 6 ni da lg 

After him they two went. Opposite side lake large place across he was - 

camped. 

wo yd ni' mtit tee wo 7ai tee gi a l'e le 6 dja 6 yu on ne e a ne t'i ye' di 

Wonyoni got mad. They two came to him (?). "Over there you are," he said. 

10 gi yii na e [ I yi wo ga won ya ni go ga yal 7 (it di ga hwa 7ai yal 

He was looking for them. (?) now he is walking. 

ya ni 6 des ya na dun ne na tea 1 xwa, 7ai yal: gwa ya ni' ke din ya 

In front of them he came. Man was large. Close he came. Then in front of - 

them he came down. 

12 hwa € e 7tit ye € tanadel'a Iwoyonf (ntittetcegl) niit dji yi tcek- 

" Brother (?), for nothing he ran off . Wonyoni, your feelings are hurt 

e ci won le ta na din 1'a k'a djii ye tc'j € xo na ni dja 1 ye xa € gwa € 

you are, you run off." Again toward him he ran back. And now 

14 ya7aniya nlla € mes ke ge es ce won le he ye di wq € ye te'e e m- 

he came to him. "You it is the boys you will do the same to me," he said. But 

he was not afraid of him ; 

nehe e I won la a ye di on ni xatse 6 dut din di* yi di ge wo- 

that is why right there, "Now you first make a move." Up Wonyoni 

16 yo na 6 dun ne tsl 6 tc'i € yii ni xtil go tc'I* ya € in nai xtil ye yii e 

toward man's head he struck. Toward he was striking under 

yut ts'tin ne k'e ni xtil gai dun ne I dun ne na tcai 1 gwa e ya € I- 

his legs he broke with a blow, man the man large. Then he fell down. 

18 ts'ut ya 7a le € ya ni di dll he € ye tc'ti7 71 xtil 7a ye ze 1 xai 

His club he got up he struck him with it. He killed him. 



Perhaps, xa do t'a je. 



328 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. XL, 

yl di ge yekw§tc'i € hai yi kola mut da din di tea di e dji £ nl tj 
Up toward his camp, "That old man nobody is stronger, where did you - 

put him 

2 at'j ont'e muttciua da7ulle £ t'a djl € di e dla € tel e ka le e 

is it?" his wife. His sack with she ran back for. Flat stone 

I ye he e dun ne u nl gas dun ne k'a zi de gtil le e he € ga yo muk k'e 

with man she threw at. Man one side he moved. (?) On her 

4 no Yut dla 6 ye ts'e7 7e xul ai yl € dun ne na tcai wo yo nl a tai 
he jumped. He knocked her down. That man large. Wonyoni all 

sastunaziitde ya 7ut de xul dun ne a tai ml ni di ge ayinla* 

Bear-in- water-stands he killed with a club. People all were pleased he made. 

6 o yo nl' da kwe e djl e nez ya dun ne ya da wo ne na lg ne 

Wonyoni to his own camp he came. People those he killed were many. 



The Revenge of Wonyoni. 

dunne llgi k5la ell meskege tlda* y a nice eyi gwa € dunneti 
Man one, old man he was, his children alone he raised. Those now 

men 

8 donli € adadja € ihe e ti *a' wondjo wotc'j* xw^xa dunne 1 etda'- 

were become with, "Father, right here close people do you know 

nedida 1 wonljla me 1 ta £ tc'j € et di ce tc'ii § dunne xwa, et du 

are there?" to his father he spoke. "My son, people near not 

10 et due di da' won li a won 6 djo' xwa he 1 ne ze tc'ul lai na de a won* 

I know there are, but here close by your uncle bad lives, but 

mitc'eleele etdi meckegitc'j € me k'a wot'aci 7uyedi mecke- 

he used to be bad," he said, to his children. "To him we (two) will go," 

they said, his children. 

12 ge yiila' etdu me 1 7a 7a da eel etdi giita 6 xont'eawon 6 seze 

"Do not do it. Not you will live," he said, their father. "Nevertheless 

my uncle 

ka wo t'a ci dun ne 1 e &V a xa indawodedla* 7ut di ec ke gu 

we will go to. People none for us it is hard," they said, boys. 

14 1 he € go da e ac et di et da wo di e ci di ce da dat di gu ta € gu ye di 

"Well, go," he said. " Whatever you know tell me," their father said to him, 

me tc'il le yas na dzas da £ € et du € in t'a di ts'it el e kiis di e e ci 1 

the youngest brother. "Snow if it falls not it sticks together I think," 

16 € et di metcelle won 7a des e atc gu tcil le djiT c^jn dju 1 xwon ne 

he said, the youngest brother. There they (two) started. The youngest one too, 

' ' I too my brothers 

€ e* dus de le te € a' de ta tc'P etdi 1 he € yet di gu ta £ ce tc'u V 

with I will go, father," to his father he spoke. "Well," he said his father. 

"My boy, 

1 The father asked the boy to tell him what supernatural help he had. The boy replied 
that he had dreamed of running away from danger on loose, unpacked snow. 






1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 329 

ne se ml tc'e le he le no da wo' kwe 7a 7m € atc et de e awo f etdii 

yoixr uncle is bad. Your brothers if they go in, but not 

2 kwe wo ya € ts'e djP na tc'e won dja £ me tc'u e £ tc'j € et dl ko la 

go in. Outside play," to his son he said it, old man. 

gwa e wo tc'j e 7iit des del: a yi ko la ga nl 71m ni € atc ca ze € [ £ j 

Then thither they started. That old man they (two) came to him, 

"My former nephews 

4 a' 7iit t'i 1q et dl gu e t'e ma m tcut et dl cac lee ya m tcut 

they are," he said. "Quick to them give to eat," he said. Bear grease 

to them she gave. 

a yi k'e 71 ze' xai a yi ic ke gu on ke t'e 7m w5 gu tc'ille tana- 

By means of that he killed them. Those boys two he killed. The youngest - 

brother ran away. 

6 de Fa yi di £ e me € a xa € ni la lg go tc'I € e' na dl t'es ta na de Fa 
Over there his snowshoes he had left. Thither with he put them on again. 

He ran away. 

me ta 6 ka na 7ut 1'ii ti a' xo nu on ke t'e 7m wq et dl e yi 

His father he ran to. "Father, my brothers two he killed," he said, that 

8 ec ka mut ta € et du kii dl e a' se ti wonyoni' u' ye a y 1 kola' 

boy. His father not he minded it. He slept. "Smart" his name was. That 

old man 

na tc'ul le dun ne e lj e tc'et dl xtit l'e dji € la ce e k'a wo cai et dl 

small man he was they say. "Tomorrow, my brother-in-law I will go to," 

he said. 

10 won des ya 1 e di me kwa. € j € j ne du we ti da 1q 1 e di mec k'e ge 

There he started. There his camp had been it was not. He had moved. 

There his sons 

zeetse sulla wg nai ya yi da' mifi ge dain de e dji £ m da lg yetc'j 6 

bodies lay he came there. Over there lake across he was camped. To him 

12 desya kola mifige 7aiyal ya € j € lg yetc'j e estunne € e' nadidja. 

he started. Old man lake he was walking he saw him. To him with ice 

he came across. 

te nes sun ne et du du ' de e e da won ya e ye di e yi dun ne ne tca e 

" You are pitiful not this way you come," he said. That man was large 

14 etts'etdi 1% ga (k'a) dtinne' e' din dli £ e' a din di xut t'e ne 7a- 

they say. "Brother-in-law, why people as they talk so you talk. Nothing 

I visit you 

woe da e ka act'i adindi yedi xont'ewon 6 etdu dti'dee da won- 

for lam do you say that? " he said. "Nevertheless not here come, 

16 ya £ tenessunne ye di awon € kola etdii yi di e a' 7am yal yega 

you are pitiful," he said. But old man not he minded him. He walked on. 

Beside him 

niya nai neskege 71 wg ka cetc'j 6 e e' dindja wonll mine xatse 6 

he came. "You, your children, I killed for tome because you are coming 

it is. You first, 

18 a'cenele yetdi xa te de gl sun ne daniicte adindi yetdi woyonnl 

do something to me," he said. "Thus I am pitiful, what can I do to you 

you say that," said, Wonyoni. 



330 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

xon t'e a won e nun e xa tse € cu de ni di* ye dl* ai yl ne na t'un ne 

"Nevertheless, you first begin the fight," he said. "Those your clothes 

2 won dju' a ne le' ye dl' won yo ni' 
good fix," he said, Wonyoni. 

eyl dunne netcai xak'aizis esgone et'i etc'etdi u' won yo- 
That man large buffalo skin with the hair on he had they say. And 

Wonyoni 

4 ni' tsa' zis esgone et'i etc'etdi eyl wonyoni aiye'ts'unne 

beaver skins with hair on he had they say. That Wonyoni jawbone 

xal et'i eyl ye dunne ka cu det dl e lj u' eyl dun ne netcai 
club he had. That with people he hunted for it was. And that man 

large 

6 xak'ai nets'unne xal et'i ylhe dunne kacudetdi elj etc'etdi 
buffalo backbone club he had. With it people he hunted for it was 

they say. 

gwa € woyonl' getsi 6 u'nlxal set si £ onla £ yudl € e* esg5ne dige 

Now Wonyoni his head he was going to hit. "My head it is," because he - 

thought hide up 

8 des to e yl yu. e e ye dzat de 11 xal e yl 6 e l ye ze xai e tc'et dl e yl 

he raised. That under his legs he broke. With that he killed him they say. 

That 

dun ne ne tc'ul le a won 6 in da de e dla e tc'et dl 
man small but formidable they say. 

10 yl dl gi me tc'I ii € a de ts'i tc'i 6 ta des ya won yo ni* me tc'I u. a 

Up his wives sat to he started, Wonyoni. His wife 

made yl lj wonyoni' ye tc'J € ke dl ya iT ut dun ne ell 7a yal e 

his older sister was. Wonyoni to him she came down. And, "Himself 

it is is coming 

12 a t'l ye dl e yl tc'e ge tse de ka de et du na tcai yu ni hll won yo- 

it is," he told her. That woman stone flat not large she threw at him. 

Wonyoni 

nV ya 6 1 l'a 6 e' yayaYinsil wonyoni' nlyedin'Q yaylhll ye- 

he jumped away because she missed him, Wonyoni. He picked it up. He threw - 

it away. After that 

14 Yq I ye tc'i e des ya gu ye 7m wg yes ke ge gain wg e i € j ai yl k'e 

to her he went. He killed them. His children he had killed the same way 

e a dja e e tcet dl wo te dun ne ne tcai ze' xai et tc'et dl ut dun- 
it became, they say. Very man large he killed they say. Himself 

16 ne w5te ne tc'ul le etc'etdi w6y5nl' uye etc'etdi eyl kola 

very small they say. Wonyoni was his name they say. That old man, 

cac tii na zut' e ii ye 

bear water standing with he was named. 






1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 331 



WonyonI Escapes from the Cree. 
wg yo m* ko la e lj xa da lj £ 79 ze xai de cin ne na yes yij da- 

Wonyoni, old man it was. Moose dog he killed. Cree he suspected. 

"What shall I do?" 

2 woe de xa' ku di k'j di sut me kwa. ke teg dje na de dok na 711 1 daf 

he thought. He began to study about it. His camp away from he made signs 

he traveled. 

ta jo ge ke na di date da ' du yl de £ e t'a wo k'ai ta na dlitc de cin ne 

A glade he came out to. Here behind he looked back he repeated. Cree 
4 u* nl e i *e* £ a t'l e t'l zo dun ne 7a € j t ca ge £ won tca £ de won ka 

and he looked for it was. Suddenly people he saw. River large toward 

na £ a l dol ca ge £ ke din ya tse na tcai ka se ya tse ton se e g 

he was making signs along. River he came to. Stone large to it he went. 

Stone he carried from the river. 

6 £ e di ne te di xa 7ut da wg tco 

There where he was going to sleep, he was watching well. 

et'izo decinne ait'e muttaclxa wglj dajede meda- 

Suddeniy Cree all around him were. "How shall I get away?" 

8 w5 ca ku di wg ka I di zut nes tj decinne ait'e itc'j e ye- 

he thought. About it he was studying he lay down. Cree all to him 

they were around him. 

7ut de se del tse tg yes € g Ij ye tse £ na wo nl ye ni e g € j e j gwa 

Stone he brought up right on top of the hill he had put it. Then 

10 da cin ne ye tc'j 6 wo de sut ye ze xai ka di tse na des e et tse 

Cree toward him they ran they would kill him. This stone he kicked down. 

Stone 

e It tsut w5 te de tcun le da tgn 1 de cin ne tai 1'a gi yu di wo- 
rolled down hard sticks it broke. The Cree he was running off they thought. 

After it 

12 tc'j € k'e 7ut de de ya 

they chased. 

ayi kola gahwe £ dekw^ won ka nats'indeya u kwa djj £ 

That old man then his camp to it he started. And at his camp 
14 ts'e £ j a yi ka 7ut de ts'i na du ka 7ut di 71 yi tciit di 7a £ a 7ut di 

they saw him. "For him we will sit until daylight," they said. That they - 

might catch him they said it. 

gwa at du gi ze xai de kwa/ tc'j £ g no dja et du 7I yi tj won- 

Then not they killed him. To his camp he got back. Not they found him. 

Because he was smart 

16 yu £ I he £ £ a t'j 
it was. 



332 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 



A Young Man is Taken to Another World by Fledgling Geese. 
a la € I he e won ll yin xa cii tcut chit di 71H tee ye dje* 

Canoe with it was for it he was hunting. Geese young 

2 dun ni 1'ut tea a yl wo na tea 7m kj ni ts'e difi ti nut ts'ut le 1 

yellow those he paddled to. He took them. They were small 

ku tc'ut di non ke ye tc'I € na sa 7ut din ke tc'un nes tj e la € 

he thought. "Your mother to her country ahead of me take the canoe." 

He lay down to sleep. Canoe 

4 da te'e ges I'ii wo te ts'un nes tj k'a djti ton t'e tc'j € wo di e- 
he tied to them. Very he slept. Again long time passed 

zut ni ts'in ya k'a la zo 1 t'uk wo tc'i a ni ztlt e' at dii di ge € 

he got up. Nearly they could fly he woke up. E — not earth 

6 k'e na sut di ts'I a sun ni zut til na tci € ai yl ga ga cut di ga 

he stood on he woke up. Lake large that beside, ' ' My country 

won lj ku tc'ut di ta tc'es ya nun tc'in £ tu ga ga 1'6 tc'ut des ya 
it is," he thought. He walked ashore, to the ground. Beside the lake he walked - 

along. 

8 dun ne in di na Ion til ga ga ton t'e djl e ts'a ya 

Man's mind was much. Beside lake far he walked. 

lu € ya go zon € tc'un na 7ut 1'el dun ne k'a ta mut ts'j e 

Behold over there wolf was running along. Man he was looking at. To it 

10 ts'ayal tu k'e tc'i € nlnadel'a djo' me tu ne e q ni di e dla 
he went. Downstream he ran out. Here water came. He ran out. 

til tais dun ne tc'j € da ya € itc muk k'e tc'a yal gii 7ut 1'e- 
Over the water to the man he kept looking. After him he walked. He was - 

running. 

12 le zon € da muk k'e zon € a tc'ut t'l ton t'l e dji £ tc'ut dez ya 

After him he was doing it. Far he went. 

da muk k'e zo a tc'ut t'l gwa xwa t'e ge € nun e wa da t'l 

After him he did it. Now that way ground appeared. 

14 nun k'e ta tc'ez ya til mai e To na tc'et des ya 

On ground he walked ashore. Water edge he walked. 

djo e dun ne wo na tc'a 7m ya mes ke ge na lg dun ne ya 

Here people to he came. His children were many. To the man 

16 wo m ti ut dun ne zo € na djut , xa da ze xai tit dii li te'e- 

fae gave (a daughter). He himself only went hunting. Moose he killed. 

Nothing he killed. 

ze' xai gwa xat ye e ki di na lo ca ji € ca na djin na ku di 

Now some way his mind was much." My son-in-law, my relation," 

he thought 

18 at dii e la t'i a won € me da cut dii ca € axa e man ni la da' 

Not "once anyway let me hunt with him. My snowshoes I will give to him 

1 Told by Ike. 



1916.] . Goddard, Beaver Texts. 333 

won ll a dja* ca na dji ne kudi.'j. ca 6 a xa 6 I he € dii dji dl 

it is it happened. My relation," he thought. " My snowshoes with let him - 

hunt." 

2 da e a xa e yin la dl de djut' a dii won Ton dje 6 de djiit de 

His own snowshoes he gave him. He went hunting. Not far he had gone 

da ya je 7m wo on des ya dun ne ke won lg gu. e ke do na- 

female with young he killed. He came home. Person's tracks were many. 

Along there they had been going. 

4 date gwa hwe 6 na tc'in dja dun ne ke wo dlo kii tc'et di 

Now he came back. "People's tracks were many," they thought. 

a xain lo € a tc'et di 6 djin dja ma € a xa 6 mo tc'I ni la nun- 

"It is our own," they said. He started home. His snowshoes to him he gave - 

back. ' ' Your relatives' 

6 na djin xwa € I e ne £ ts'it din ya go ts'in na tc'et dez ya 

close to those you go." Over there he hunt he went. 

w5 tc'I 6 a la 6 . I he tc'ut des kj 1 € e dl na 711 1 da 1 e dl wo 

Thither canoe with he paddled. There something was moving. There 

3 7a de xun na dji ne wo no tc'a dja e de wo lo 
across relatives to he came back. The end. 



The Woman who Discovered Copper. 
me' tc'I yuw^' I la di tj da a t'j 6 e yi 6 e* te'e nes e i tu tcok' k'e 

His wife one alone she was, then they stole her. On the ocean 

10 dige nase 6 alg ai 6 e l k'e na7iyetj tutcok' daidetce 6 wutdun- 

world it is across on that they carried her across. Ocean other side people 

ne "a'yejlg ma in da we de dla tj da no dja tu mai no dja € e'- 

they had her. For her it was hard. Alone she came back. Shore she came - 

back. Not 

12 du 6 a'de € e'JQ a dja 6 tc'u ne e jo na 7et di 6 a ta ne 70 dJQ e a'- 

she could do anything it was. Wolf came across to her. "The road good is. 

wq k'e e e* yi k'e ni na din da ye d[ tc'u ne 6 ta se ya me tcwe. 6 j- 

On it you cross," he said wolf. She came ashore. Her child one, 

14 la dl 6 a yi me bat ne tea Iq q dus tel ku di gn ye de te me dji 

that one his belly was large. "I will desert him," she thought. She deserted - 

him. Caribou 

ze xai ye 6 jl t'a tit da le ta 7m 1'it e e yi 7a ye' ni 6 ak' ye dl ye- 

she killed. In its stomach blood she boiled with that she fooled him. There 

she left him. 

16 tc'el ye 

tu tco mai tsj € ye di tsa tco ne 6 e' wa tc'i 6 na yu e tsul la lg 

By the shore of the ocean there metal towards under the ground 

was lying. 



334 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

gu ye 7ai yal tc'e gu gu ye 7ai yal 'e* t'j zo tea tc5 ne 'e* da t'j 

There she passed along. Woman there passed along. Suddenly metal 

was to be seen. 

2 € e yi ni di la me ' na djin ne ga xail 6 e 76 ' djj € ni ye ni la *a l yl da 7a 

That she took. For her relatives load thence she brought home. By that - 

means 

utdats'etdi mjka tc'e des del da'zo aik'e yjka desdel gwondjo 

they knew it. For it they went. Men all for it went. Very 

4 te gus sun ne xail e e' go tc'i € go kwa, tc'j € ni ki yl la e yl tac a da- 

they were pitiful loads thither to their homes they brought. That arrows 

they were making for themselves. 

ki yl la me t'a xo des € ai e e' yl zg € e a da ki y[ la tea tc'o ne e lj 

It was a great thing for them. That only they used for themselves. Metal it was 

6 a 70 ut du na tcut da dul tea tc'5 ne dut dul 

but not it was strong, metal red. 

k'a dju 7m gi ka na 7a des del e di ni 7un ni del e dj da zo 

Again for it they started again. There they came. There men 

8 na lg e ayl 6 e* tc'e gu I la t'e a gun ne k'e xe t'e ki ye da get a yi e e' 

were many. Then woman one all of them they had intercourse with her. 

Then 

nes da tea tc'o ne k'e tc'e ge tea tc'o ne ne du we € a djV € e' yl- 

she sat down on the metal, woman. Metal none became. On it 

10 je k'e sut da a yi e e l et du medat'i € e l et du a tc'el le l e' ju. 

she sat, then not it was to be seen. Not they could do anything 

a dja 6 

it became. 
12 76 l'g me ka na tc'e des del nde du e £ et du me da t'j e e' yi e e e 

After that for it they started again. There was none ; not it was to be - 

seen. Then 

etdu € atc'ele e e* jg adja € me'djo' medldjewatc'j 6 dlge gwgn- 

not they could do anything it happened. Her chest half way ground came up 

14 de e g € a* dja e ayi € e l tea tc'o ne ne du we a yi me ge ye y a 7ft da- 
it happened. Then metal was none. Those co-husbands they had taken care - 

of 

*j e e € e du lj a 71 yi le ne du we gu ya n da 70 de dla gwa l'g € e e 

nothing they could make. There was none. For them it was hard. After that 

16 7lyifik'a nas del me'k'os jg xain € a Itc'ege mejj aik'e na- 
for it they went again. Her neck only projected, that woman. Her body 

all under ground 

ju e tc'j e ni ge e [ e g ke k'i yac k'e na tc'a t'j gwa k'a 7ut da 

disappeared. Two winters she was seen again, still she was alive. 

18 xais 1'a na tc'a t'j me tc'e tc'e nel ye 
Last time she was seen. They left her. 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 335 



Crow Monopolizes the Game. 
in la wo de t'e dunne yack'e anaw5dja € eyi e e' indawodedla* 

Once people winter happened again. Then hard 

2 awodja* dg dunne ewg' et du e a l ts'et de wo e yon awont'e 

it happened. Famine people killed. Not they could do anything it was. 

na tc'et de Yut dai dju ne dii we dun ne t'a ne ke e yo a won t'e 

Where they were living, animals too were none. People would die it was. 

4 ya7i tc'iyaje zo nedfiwe etdu tc'e £ j € | € j danega nadatc etdu 

That crow only was not. Not. they used to see him. By people he used to - 

come. Not 

debut dii medat'j dp t'e et ts'it xo k'e tcin kenelj gfit'e giyetdi 
hungry he appeared. "Why he eats it is like. Good humored he is," 

they said. 

6 me k'e 6 j da w5 tajn Yut di aYunnet'e gik'e natal ait'e me e e*- 

" After him we will look," they said. All of them after mm were looking. All, 

"It grows dark 

wo'zun a na t'intc k'a dju li gi dju a na t'intc ga be *T wo zun 

where he used to be." Again another too, "He used to be it gets dark 

8 anaWodja 6 et di te Igc ye e u ( ye e yi gwa e y I xais ta ga k'a me- 

it happens again," he said. Telocye his name, that one now that one last 

"Yet he is in sight," 

da t'j et di k'a la zo € et dii me da t'j a dja k'a la z5 6 na des- 

he said. Nearly not he was in sight it became nearly (?), 

10 di djet t'e xo lis ce na da ya na 6 wa dletc l et di xa da tc'e e intc 

"Dust in front of me throw up," he said. They kept doing that. 

d<? t'e nuntc'j 6 nidi € i ofike etdi Undo etdiwStci 1 etdu de- 

' ' For some reason in the ground he goes out of sight twice (there) altogether 

from there not I see him." 

12 de € j da hun ne wo won € a le cj ku din di la yet di woe ^ le ci et- 

Some of them, "You will find him you think? " they said. "I will find him," 

he said. 

di 1q go tc'j e da wo de li gu ye di 

"Thither let us go," he said. 

14 won7adesdel wonwo 6 ' ai t'e 7ut dai nun t'a naYinyulo. 

They started there. He found out all animals in the ground he had driven. 

yet da de ni to. lg e yi 6 e' Yut dai di ye won k'e ne dii e e [ e [ xa yin- 

In front of them he put a door. That is why animals earth on had been none. 

He was doing that 

16 laielg on t'e mo' natc'aYindel a won 6 j da wo de dla e et dii 

it was. For him they came but he was difficult. Not 

ats'elleeyo a t'i tc'i yac i dunne u'xalihe* etconyii* edaig* 

they could do anything it was. Crow people he was clubbing. Fat for a door 
1 ya na a >a letc, was suggested as the correct word. 



336 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

e t'j \q e yi xa tc'e du tcul u ka a tc' e [ 7a Yut da xa du* e ac e ci 

he had. That they were going to tear down. "The animals they will go out," 

2 kuYiitdl eyi 6 e* 7U yu i'e a won 6 sun 6 6 a*7utt'I in t'l zii li ge 

they thought. Then he fought them off but in vain he did it. Suddenly one 

ye dai 6 o e ya 7m yitc Yut dai na wot dl ka ku di 6 e* xa de 6 atc 

his door he broke in. " Animals are smart," he thought. They went out. 

4 gwa 6 ait'e xade 6 atc 7tltdai a won 6 indadla ayinla 6 tc'iya- 

Then all went out, animals but hard he made it, crow. 

ze etts'ilnne ye*7mcetci yetatcl 6 yaila eyi 6 e* etdii atc'e- 

Bones cleaned among them he threw them. Then not they could do 

6 le e yo a yin la € na dli k'a djo et du tc'ez ze* xai 7ut dai me- 

he made it it happened again. Again not they could kill them. Animals 

their nose veins 

won tc'I de mut da le ni tc'e tc'e a yi 6 e ma ta 7a! e yi 6 e* zo 6 

its blood burst that they pounded that way only 

8 sawo 6 a won 6 me 6 jdawodedla 6 gwa k'a don 6 dunne a wo 6 Q 6 

they killed them. But with that it was hard. Still hunger people it was 

killing. And 

tit dunne djii debut' tc'iyaze' etconts'unne e adayilai yetatci 6 

he himself too was hungry. Crow rib bones he made among them 

10 ya in la xa yin lai won la du 7ut dai tcon we 6 won li e ts'et dl 
he threw them. That way he did it was. Now animal ribs there are 

they say. 

k'o* dl ge ni wo tc'in 6 a do* wo di dje el\ dl gi 

First world when was put this story was, this. 



A Man Is Carried away by a Giant Bird. 
12 xa l'e ge dun ne na tc'a dai 6 i 6 i jn t'l zq won lj dun ne 6 in tciit 

At night man was walking suddenly there was something. Man it caught. 

ya t'ai tc'I dun ne 7ai tel ye a t'i ku dl dun ne wo lj t'ol tcok' 

Toward the sky man it took. "What is it?" he thought, man. There was 

large nest, 

14 da se 6 o lg dun ne na ni t'j dun ne won djo 7a 7ilt da et du dun ne 

it was hanging. Man it brought back. Man well it kept. Not man 

ze* xai won I'o e k'ul la na wo di ga e llgi no dja don t'e dunne 

it killed. After that nearly it was daylight, another came back. "How is it 

man 

16 ne tc'I le tcun a won t'e ye* dl dunne ce tc'I 6 le tcun e yon 6 ac t'e 

from you smells you are?" he said. "Man from me might smell lam 

e wo t'e djg dun ne ce ga no letc es da a won t'j et dl li gi 

since here man to me you bring I eat it is," he said. One 

18 won djo me ta 6 tc'a 6 na ye ne 6 j 

well his father from he hid. 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 337 

eyiV et dii ye wo' { a' dze ne' gun nes tetc gudjo' no wut dja 

Then not he found him. Daytime they slept. Safely he came down, 

2 di ge ai t'e da ts'i u de tcin de sut tcl na 1q ai yin la € me tcin ne 
world all. Knots and wood dry much he made. At its foot 

ii yu e ye € ko de nl tsi € de tcin de des k'o yi di ge da de ts'i yl ai t'e 

under he kindled fire. Tree caught fire; up where they were sitting, all 

4 but t'ai ne da 7m lut na ts'ut e de xo tc'I k'a € ac a dja 6 xa dja 

their wings burned. They fell down. From that time they were walking 

it happened. It happened that way. 

e yi 6 e* ya Yai di ge wo k'e me won de dji di k'a € ac a wo dja € 

Then over there world on they were afraid they were walking it was 

6 tc'etdi wots'etdo 1 

they say before that. 



The Underwater People. 
a t'l zo tc'et de ts'i li gi ec kai ya 7a tc'ut de des yain 11 ge 

Suddenly they were sitting one young man over there blanket was carry- 
ing. One 

8 eskai danedexa yeka diya ye'di ecke nawocdleeka act'j et- 

young man, "What are you going to do? For what are you going? " he - 

said to him . "Young man I will become again I am," he said. 

dilo ne due del} 1 etdi daceanet'ee adindl yetdi a won 6 neduc- 

" We will go with you," he said. " How you will do what you say?" he said. 

' ' But we will go with you 

10 dele xo tc'j € din ya e cl tc'i £ yet di nai e cu gu. a ne t'l yet di gwa € 
where you are going," he said. "You as you please you do," he said. Now 

ye des del mtit la ce ofi ke t'l dju' ye des del mi ge e ke 7a din del 

they went with him, his brothers-in-law two too they went with him. Lake 

they came to. 

12 aiyi xa la de 7aiyal 6 i € i 1 t'l zq xwii I* et di estunne 7anlya 

That one ahead had been walking suddenly "Xwui" he said. Ice he went - 

through. 

yi yii e tun ne Te je go tco won ka a t'i 1q won djo ac t'l a ke he e 

Under it bottom of the lake he was married (?) it was. "Well the way I do 

14 xa 7at t'i e et di dun ne tc'i e kw^ won 1q e zis nl ba li na da sa e a 

you do," he said to the men. Camps many skin tents stood. 

dun ne ne 1q 1 i la t'e di kwa, won tea 6 e di won tc'i 6 7ai yal e yi 

People many. One place camp was large, there toward it he walked. That 

16 dun ne xa la de 7ai ya li k'e a t'l gi k'e zo ' 7ut dail xa 7tit t'j gu ye- 

man ahead the way he was walking the way he did only walking they did - 

the same way, because he told them 

1 The subject prefix, -c, is singular, but the stem, -de li, is plural. More than two said, 
"I will go with you." 



338 



Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 



10 



12 



14 



dl £ e l e yi £ e l a 7ut t'i e yi es kai ne k'e du cai yet di I in t'i zo 

then they were doing that. That young man "After you I will go," who- 

said suddenly 

yeke e £ e l 7am la tekatce ne tc'a le a ye i e lg dun ne elj kii7ut- 

his foot he jumped on. Frog small did it to him. "Man it is," he thought. 

di e j £ j yi tc'i € na dut date £ e' a t'i lg I £ e dl me tc'I u € a won li lg 

To them he used to go because it was. There his wife was, 

e yi dun ne 1 xa lat de ka date £ j £ j et dii tg t'e 7it dle £ ku 7<it- 
that man ahead he had walked. "Not long we stayed," they had thought. 

di £ j £ j £ g na xa na dji ne in di due de € e mi di £ na tcut di te'e dl e- 

' Your relatives minds this way their minds are strong I hate them," 

din de et di gut dai ti ye na 7ut des del a la € gu ya £ on la € won djo 

he said, their head man. They started back. Canoe for them he made. "Well 

ma 7a 7ut da ca € ul li £ cat don t'on t'e gu ye di e yi gu dai ti ye 

take care of it. My canoe is bad," he told them, that their head man. 

e yi k'ul la ton wa el nun tc'j £ et dii ton t'e na7in € el u* wo te 
That nearly floated ashore. To the land not far they were floating then 

very 

ya7inlut ela € xowutdieel guyedi € i 6 j me € ali 6 yili aiyl gnke- 

it melted canoe. "It would happen so," he had told them, his canoe it be- 
longed to. Those two men 

t'e ne tu k'e ta 7ais ate k'a dju ofi ke t'e ne ne dii we ma la je 

on the water came ashore. Again two were not, his brother-in-law 

li gi e li li gi ac kai e tcu yi yu 7m dii e t'a 71m nes silt 6 con e 

one was. One young man too with him was not. "They died 

on t'e ku di ye' di tu mai e sut da £ j € j in t'i zo tii k'e but tsi € 
it is," he thought. There water edge he was sitting suddenly on the water 

his head 

en na wo di t'intc ta se mi ni i ya ii li gi li gi yu da tci ga bel 

kept showing. He swam ashore. He got up. And the other, the other jackflsh 

was swimming 

ya £ j a yi dju li gi dun ne £ j £ i e li lg ai t'e ta 7is del gu kwa,- 
he saw. That one too another man was. All came ashore. Their camp 

tc'j £ na 7m del et tc'et di 

they came back they say. 



The Beaver who Went Home with a Cree. 



16 dtlnne indadiitdla £ lg decinne' ait'e meskegii 7utdieswgn 

Man was strong. Cree all his young men they had killed. 

£ utdunne jo' 7utda ayi dunneze £ elj decinne' dju* meeckegu 

Himself only was alive. That one Beaver he was. Cree too his young men 

18 dju 1 7a te'e des wg on ke 7ut de t'e 7a 7at da sun £ £ a le 7! le e yi £ e* 

too they had killed. The two were alive. In vain they tried each other. Then 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 339 

ai yi de cin ne' me kwa, wq tc'j 6 ye na des ya dun ne me kwa. ye- 

that Cree his camp to it he went home with him. Beaver his camp 

he came home with him.. 

2 nondja aiyl 6 e' kwa. at'j ligi aiyi' dju. in da de e dla e lg na- 

Then camp was another, that one too was strong. They two traveled. 
7at'ac dunne 7a e [ e eyi nenadjinne ne' des del e \ € [ dedji e nila 

People he saw. ' ' Those your people who went with you where you put them? 

4 et tc'u ne e li ne na Yat dail € e' a ne t'j et di 1 11 gi da zo de cin ne € a'- 

Stranger is with you you are traveling you are," he said. The other man Cree 

said it. 

di ma wote kwon a'le' bek'edulidl etdl gwa e tcutc nalg a- 

" For him very fire you make. We will burn him," he said. Now wood 

much they made. 

5 7m la 6 71 ye kwon de ne tsi dtinne wote nelg'e' kwon ga ni gey in- 

They put fire to it. Man very because many fire they put close. 

ti kwon dedesk'on tsiyetc'i 6 71 ye 7a dail gwa € dunne et'esaiyo 

Fire burned to the fire they were going with him. Now man they were - 

going to roast 

8 € awodja € detcun egai yit'jelo etdetc'gn yetgn nadedik'ofitc 

it happened. Wooden spoon he used to have between he held. It kept catch- 
ing fire 

a 1 djV 

it happened. 
10 , gwa € endawodedla kti di eyi dunne giino' nabi € e' wo- 

Then hard bethought, that man. "I wish otter would run," 

du sit ku di na bi e e' dun ne ta wo ne sut ya' 7a dunne 6 ni de- 
he thought. Otters among the people rushed, Over there people where they - 

were standing, 

12 ya dji € na bi* e a xut ta wo ni sut tc'et di wo tc'j 6 ni wo win sut 

"Otters among us are running," they said. Toward them they jumped up. 

dJQ dtinne nelg € i € i nediie ut dunne zo set da nabi 6 e' es tun- 
Here people had been many were none. He himself only sat. Otters on the - 

ice 

14 nek'e tana wo de sut me ge e \ 6 \ zo e ye ga he 7ut 1'el ut dun ne 

they rushed out. His former partner only was running close to them. He him- 
self 

dju ye tc'j 6 ni de l'a \ la di 1 wo sail e t'e ye na dai ni l'a e yi dun- 
too to them he ran. One place they were running suddenly in front of him 

he ran. That Beaver 

16 neze e gket'e yintcut ayi megeitc'j € na ye des la gnket'ihet'e 

two he caught them. That one to his partner he threw them. Both of them 

yii ton me ge € ut dun ni dju' na bi £ e' na yu ni la a yi dju. k'a dju 

he caught his partner. Himself too otters he threw back. That one too 

again 

18 yintcut yin djut w5 te li gi cai a'cenele' et di ye he yu nila' 
he caught them. He caught them just then the other, "Me, do it to me," he 

said. He threw them at him. 



340 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

Undo na bi 6 e* yeyewonsut yet da natcutlhe 6 tl ye zin xai gwa 6 

Really otters knocked him down. Before him because he was stronger 

they started to kill him. Then 

2 lin 1q na bi 6 e dul 6 e' xon dai yetc a dja € ut dun ni dun ne yac yue 

just otters with blood would come out of the snow it happened. He himself 

man snow under 

wa tc'e j 6 a t'j na bi *e zo' 6 e' da t'j e yl dun ne 6 j 6 j me ge yl ll 

from he was, otters only appeared. That man used to be his partner 

he was, 

4 ofiket'i yitcut leyesla ye7aiwo endadeedla € won la ce7ut- 

both he caught. He held them together. He killed them. Difficult he was. 

' ' He was alive with me 

da 6 e' ont'e a won 6 adindl 6 i 6 l yetdi megetc'j 6 lige' tc'egu ya 

it was but you said that," he said. To his partner one woman to him 

6 nitj nadjinne ayinla e guyenade meckege a'dadjVl'gdj! 6 me- 

he gave. Relative he made him. He stayed with them. His children after be- 
came his younger brother 

tc'il le ts'tit don lj e tc'un des ya 6 j € [ gu yin ka des del 1q ye ke 

boy he was he was gone away after him they started. His track 

8 wa *i yek'e des ya ma tc'il le e \ e \ at'inlo dunne indadiedla 6 

he saw. After him he went. His younger brother did it. "Man hard 

a won 6 ( a t'j gu yet di a won 6 ton t'e de si del I l'g 6 e' et du xane- 
we are coming to, they say, but far after we started not we will turn back," 

10 wu del e cl 7iit di du ni nes ya et de 6 ai t'e t'a na ki e 7a 7a won lj 

they said. "Now if I cannot do it all they will kill you it is," 

guyedi ondesya du xutl'idg a7ulle guyetdi nodja do' wotc'j 6 

he told them. He went back. "Now morning attack them," he told them. 

He came back then towards them 

12 ye 6 jdi dinya tc'aint'e 6 e' yeze'xaik'ete a yin la lg gwa 6 metc'il- 

with his mind he worked. With supernatural power he appeared to kill them 

he caused it. Now his young brothers 

lu 7awondessut dits'u77et'e me ge 6 j 6 j ts'i 6 e'del'a gwa 6 yezes- 

attacked them immediately he heard it to his former partner he ran. Now 

he killed him 

14 xailg etdawotdi7a gwa 6 et du acdeeyg awont'e yet di yetdl- 

because he knew it. "Now not I can do anything it is," he said. After he - 

said it 

7a ye ze xai me tc'il lu ai ye da hun ne 7m wg ai ye 6 e tp lin do 

he killed him. His younger brothers those some of them they killed. Then just 

16 gu ye 7am wg' e tc'et di 

they killed them they say. 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 341 



A Man Marries the Daughter of a Bird. 
dun ne 71 k'a date e du dun ne 70 na ya da won lj dun na 

A man was always traveling. Not people he came to they were. Man 

2 na tc'ut li tin da xo t'i won ni ya me tu we 6 on k'e t'e lg in la t'j 

small alone was he came to. His daughters were two, one 

dun ne 7am t'i me' na ts'et de 

man he gave. He lived with him. 

4 yit da xut da Vt'itcele' edi wotc'I 6 da'wot'ael cazi etdi 

"Up there moose used to stay; there to it we will go, my son-in-law," 

he said. 

dun ne na tc'ut le € [ ( \ yon 7a de e atc tcwa, na tc'ut le eyi zg £ 

Man was small. There they two went. Birds small those only 

6 t'a djl 7utdaelo djo' na sut tl ya7a datcintl7a ni^nida' 

with those he was living. "Here I will stand. Over there by the large tree 

you watch. 

ne tc'j € j du cii dl yet di me tee' gwa 1 e e di ni e tea xat da son 

To you I will drive them," he said, his father-in law. Then there he was - 

watching, "Moose, I suppose 

8 adi kiidl eyi dunne dunnezi* elj edu lade 7on7Qna tcwa, e i € i 

he meant," he thought. That man Beaver he was. Not long time 

had passed birds 

jo € us del xat t'e et du yin di e a' wo Yq e gut'l'Il but tee' ne d[ n 

only went past. Just not he took notice. Afterward he ran, his father-in-law. 

"Where is it?" 

10 ye' di e lj' xut da r e ci et du 7a 7ac e '\ eyi tcw^ e ci tse be 1 se 

he asked it was. "Moose it was not I saw, those birds it was," Tsebese 

u'ye yas k'e na de eyi tcwa^ tcwa, zq us del din di e yi la 
they are named. Winter they stay, those birds. ' ' Birds only passed 

you say. Those are the ones. 

12 gwa 6 xut da e \\ € gn t'e be tee' ye 1 di medjixats'ut 

Now moose they are it is," his father-in-law said. He got angry. 

yedigi duttcita beszi da'nesdel onket'I 6 j 6 i ga eyi tc'in- 

Up in the woods owls lit, there were two. Then them he went to. 

14 desya onket'i yegaiwon medigetc'e wgnlj kula yeka na- 

Two he killed. He was not pleased, it was. Old man to him he brought them. 

yenlla ye tc'j e ye des la de tcin ga je me tsl 6 kii7ats'ut sij 6 

To him he threw them. Between sticks its head fell in. In vain 

16 ye tc'et date et du xa yet te e di sun t'e ya ya xai t'as be si 

he tried to take it out. Not he could pull it out. Right there he cut them up, 

owl. 

mazi Qdutda a 7a tc'udelj gtiet'e netco won nodja mazi 

His son-in-law, ' ' Go home for it let them come quickly your mother-in- 
law." To her he came back, son-in-law. 

18 gii e t'e a 7a da7utdel { a'xa tc'et di et di wontc'j 6 7a des del 

"Hurry, 'for it let them go' you he told," he said. Toward the place 

they started. 



342 Anthropological Payers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

ni na yin nl t\ et si € tain lit be zl tsl € € a' j me tcu e. tc'i e ne l'a je 

They brought it back. The head she boiled, owl head that. To his son "Your 

brother-in-law 

2 lit si* go zuz e de € aduya 6 € in dl et dl me tee e u. mutl'aje 

head drink soup let him come tell him," he said, his father-in-law. And 

his brother-in-law 

yet da dl be zi na tu € tc'es dun ne et du won € du je ci et dl 
he told. "Owl eye water I hate. Not there I will go," he said. 

4 mazl ye' dl ka medjixats'ut 

His son-in-law said it. About it he was angry. 

eyi kola 1 xal'egi detcut eyi dunne netcai xut daze* 5fike- 
That old man next morning went to hunt. That man large real moose 

two 

6 t'l ze'xai wotc'j 6 7a desdel dunne k'e 7ai yai ayl k5 la xtit da 
he killed. Toward the place for it they went. After man he walked, that 

old man. Moose 

et du ya € 7m t'at lg xut da 7a e j £ ye ni djit dl e ta na de l'a dun ne- 

not he had cut up. Moose he saw. He was afraid of it. He ran away. 

' ' Large man eater 

8 edaitcok* eyi € a'dllg etdl kola ayl € e* yitc'a ta na des l'a 
that he means," he said, old man. Then from it he ran away. 

ai yi a tc'et dl du xut k'e me da t'j yas k'e na de' e yl a tc'et dl lg 
This they tell. This year they are to be seen. In winter, they stay, that 

they tell about. 

10 xa tse dg dan ne e le e tc'et dl e yi tcwa. 

At first men they were they say, those birds. 



A Man Turns into a Squirrel and Escapes from a Bear. 

ca ge 6 e la tun ne tee nes t\ won lj wo te a dl dl ts'tik cac ne tcai 
River its hand trail he was lying it was very it made a noise he heard. 

Bear large 

12 a di e lg ye tc'j € de l'a ye tc'a e tai l'a et du e a'dIheyo on t'e et du 

made the noise. To it he ran. From it he ran. Not he could do anything it - 

was. Not 

ye ye xa t'e de tcin k'e da se ya dai et l'a ye k'e ke 71 get ye di 
he could run away. On a tree he went up. He jumped up. After him 

he climbed. There 

14 ye yu e et du tg t'e di ni get et di e sut dut tcai e et da na kainl- 

under him not far he climbed to. There he stopped, because he was big, 

because he was heavy. 

1 he € 1 6 e di et du e* tc'gn de git dun ne e j € j bail c e* ma en da xo- 

There not he would go away from him. Man with sleepiness for him 

it was hard. 

16 de dla awg £ et du nodetdaeyg ma a won t'e cac \ ne djit 

but not he could go down it was. Bear he was afraid of. 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 343 

e yi e e x ya 7ut da € j € [ ai yi e e' da woe di xa ku di des die he 

Then he was watching him. Then "What can I do?" he thought. Squirrel 

2 a* di dla € ya7a ton t'e dji e de tcin na da 1 se € a' ai yi tc'i la tj ye 

he made himself. Over there, far tree stood. To that from one to the other (?) 

de l'a edexotc'jn nowutdjV cac et dii et da ye di ye yi di ge 

he jumped. From there he came down. Bear not he knew it. Up there 

4 tgt'edji 6 dasutda yedl dats'i nala ayinla 6 nokj eyi* datcin- 

far he sat. There knots many he made. He brought them there. Those 

by tree 

ga niyenila yekwon € denits'i yidjge detcin kon e ta dja 6 de- 
ne put them down. He set fire to it. Up tree fire ran (?), it burned. 

6 desk'on da tcin yi di ge € na tea' ihe £ et dii a di he yg ma e a'- 

■ Tree up because he was large not he could do anything it was. 

won t'e me' k'e des hit na ts'ut cac na ts'tlt de t'e dun ne a dja* 
He started to burn. He fell down. Bear as soon as he fell man he became. 

8 k'a dju ta na de l'a a yi 6 e* ut du ye ze xai e lg 

Again he ran off. Then not he killed him. 



Watc'agic Kills the Dancing Birds. 
in la wo de t'e dun ne ga date on t'ai no de ma duY ye e lj 

Once man was traveling. All kinds birds his brothers were 

10 e tc'et di wo' te node na 1q e da t'l gu ye € a 7ail xwon na 6 eyije 

they say. Very birds many were to be seen. Along there he was carrying - 

something. "Brother, what 

wo te Yin 7ai la et di no de € ce yi ne e x e ac e I et di xwon na ne ji- 

very you are carrying? " he said, bird. "My songs I have," he said. 

"Brother, your songs 

12 ne e ci be da wg wg za ze a xa ne djin et di no de e a di e ji ca- 

with we will dance. For us sing," he said, bird said it. "These my songs 

ji ne 6 be da 1 wo' ts'es stlz da et dii ye tc'et de € intc e le 2 a din- 

with if they dance with them not they look." "As you say 

14 diak'exe* a* wo t'e ci et di node dunnets'P tee 6 kwa. a xa 

we will do," he said bird toman. "Hold on, camp for you 

a woe die da wo se sat i kwa. € a woe die kwa. a won dla 6 gfi yii ci 

I will make, dancing camp I will make." Camp he made. "Now, come on, 

16 ta da del gu ye di dun ne ga ni 7a ni del gu ya e xul da ne tc'ul da- 
begin dancing," he told them. Beside man they came. He was drumming for - 

them, they shut their eyes, they were dancing. 

wosut yeniictwa.' yek'os ledaiyitc ait'e ye 7m won nalg ze'xai 

Without their knowledge their necks he was breaking. All he killed. Many 

he killed 

1 Recorded also, ce jine*; indicating a prepalatal voiced spirant. 

2 Both the suffixe, -tc and e le indicate customary action. 



344 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

e tc'et di ai t'e hi 7ut dai ma da 7a e lj ai yl € e* et du lj ye ne- 

they say. All animals his brothers were. Because of that nothing he was - 

afraid of 

2 djit e tc'et di e yl dun ne 

they say that man. 



The Earth Recovered by Diving. 

xatseMo' di ge e la won du e et du in la t'i dun ne' wat da 
At first world (?) was not. Not one person was alive. 

4 daxunne ye 71 da node tiik'e e a'dat'i eyi zo' ya7ida € jnlawodet'i 

Some of them were living, birds. On water they were, those only 

were living. One place 

ni 7a ni del tu k'e di ge won du e di e dji con di ge won l[ et du 

they came. On water land was not. "Where I wonder land is?" Not 

6 € a'7utdeeygn a 7-ut t'e 1 i gi di ge € won ka 7a ne ta* tanel'aidji 6 

they could do anything they were. One land for it he was looking. At the - 

bottom of the water 

a won 6 et du di ge 6 wowa e j gwa 6 ai t'e et de ke wo wut de e j * 
but not land he found. Then all they tried it. 

8 di ge et du wo 71 € a' 

Land not they found. 

II ge* xak'ale 1 u yi e yi dju £ te ni ya di ge won ka wac ca^* 

One Xak'ale named, that one too went in the water. "Land for it 

I will go," 

10 et di ti ni ya do ni de e | ne du we wo te tawot'edji 6 wo won 6 a 

he said. He went in water. Then he disappeared. He was gone. Very far 

sun (?) moved. 

e jt'izo xainlat dige 6 a son* edjic on sutdle zo' edjitc ka cinla- 

Suddenly he floated up, on his back. In vain he breathed. Then a little only 

he breathed. "Here in my finger nails 

12 gwon ne t'a won *j et di wo tc'e € j ( [ *j gii zo' me la gwon ne t'a 

look," he said. They looked there, then in his finger nails 

nun se *q a yi € e* di ge xo wo 7Jn e o e tc'et di xa k'a le ne tc'ut le 

land was. Then land they took out they say. Xak'ale small 

14 e yi dun ne xa yi 7m e g nun xa ya 7m e g k'e nun e e* da tcin a wo- 

that one person brought it up. Land on that they took out, land with trees 

became. 

dja e k'a djo di ge a' na won dla e ke t'i e tc'et di no di e xa dja' 

Again land was made they say. Birds did thus 

16 e tc'et di xa k'a le o ye e yi 

they say. Xak'ale was named that one. 



1 Probably sandpiper. 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 345 



The Giant Beaver and Muskrat. 
xatsedo' dunne netcai wonli etc'etdi tea 6 dju natca etc'ut- 

At first man large was they say. Beaver too large he was chiseling for. 

2 date sun € a yin la' et du ye ze' xai ga hwe € et du • g xai ts'i ke 

In vain he worked. Not he could kill it. Now not nearby its track 

ye de e j min ge a won tea € tu. k'e tcu gu des ya e e lg ont'e wo tc'j' 

he saw. Lake was large water on he went it was. Over there 

4 7ai yal % e J mestunne* a dl 7a de 7ahwe 6 ye'danitcuk yeze'- 

he was walking ice he tapped along. Now he shut it in. He killed it. 

xai 7at tcon lg i he e et du es tun ne sa £ q e yon a dja e es tun ne' 
Because she had young ones in her not ice could stay it happened. Ice 

6 ya7iyieyon adja € ihe e ye tc'o ni t'atc ye ya dji xain la teye- 

broke to pieces because it happened he cut her open. Her young ones he took - 

out. He put them in the water. 

nila 7a hwe e et dl e ztit e yi won a t'j lg e yi dun ne netcai eli 

Now it stopped. For that he did it. That man large was. 

8 tea* dju ne tca e e tc'et di gwa k'a be kjn sa e on e tc'et dl 

Beaver too large they say. Still its house stands there they say. 

yi tse' de tcin ne dii we wo di ge 6 tc'j e e yi wo l'o e tea* Yq i 

Out there trees are not toward its country that after after beaver 

10 ta won t'e dji € wo tc'i 6 te k'ai na de e 1q go ye tc'a 6 ol da € wo te tu 

far away toward muskrat lived. There if a boat passed very water 

na € e 6 un e yi 6 e' go ye tc'a e ol da et dii wo tc'et de et tc'et di 

he hears. Then there if they paddle not they talk they say. 

12 dii xwa ke won t'e gwa k'a tu na € e c un e [ f [ dii ne dii we i e e di 

It is not long ago yet water he felt. Now he is not there. 

wo tc'i* et dii na tc'i yic gwa k'a etc'etdi 

(?) since not they felt him still they say. 



The Redeeming of a Doomed Man. 
14 elawodet'e dunne 1 wo te des lo lg eyika tc'ain t'e € e l me tea e 

Once people very quarreled. On that account with supernatural power 

on him 

tc'et date et.du dunne da' na tcut a won e a' di' lg tit da 7ai et dii 

he worked. Not man is stronger but he did that. "White patch of ground not 

16 no ya e ci la yet di e yi dun ne de tcut' ut da 7ai ni ya i e e di 

you will go," he said. That man went hunting. White place he came. There 

kola set da' wg nai ya gu et de ne na t'un ne ka no da " yet"di 

old man sat. To him he came. "Quickly your property for it go," he said. 



346 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

de na t'14 ne ka na des ya gu e t'e a won t'i ye* dl de kwa. no dja 
His stuff Tor he went back. "Soon you are," he told him. His camp 

he came back. 

2 de na t'un ne 6 e e e 1'gn dan net dl he ka ne ce l yet dl yit dai 

His property he tied up. "What you going to do with it?" (?) he asked. 

"There ahead 

dun ne gu e t'i ce tc'i e da won ya 6 cet dl e yi € e l *ac t'i et dl 

man, 'Quickly tome come,' he told me. That is why I am doing it," he said, 

4 majl et du dun ne in dV nu nde li e le £ j € \ et du dunne adl 
son-in-law. "Not man mind used to be afraid of. Not man saidit(?). 

ayi nai € in k'ai djo' sin da caj but tc'i £ du cai yet dl me tee* 
That you nevermind, here sit. I to him I will go," he said, his father- 
in-law. 

6 na bi e e zis det siiz be tee 70 yifi ka des ya a 7a yal ya £ j dun ne 

Otterskin he took, his father-in-law. There to him he started. He was - 

walking he saw. "Man 

et du li ma ec t'e ce tc'u de ai yi mifi ka 6c de £ j £ j nai e Ion 7am- 
nobody to him I am. He was with me that one to him I was calling, you 

it is you came," 

8 yal yet dl axwonk'ewQ* awon £ me te'e ne le yet dl aiyi e e* na bi- 
he said. "Nevermind, but leave him alone," he said. Then otterskin 

*eezis yetc'i £ etdaxa ayinla 6 aiyi £ e' ketc'elj aiyi kola xa- 

to him as a trade he gave. Then he left him. That old man did that. 

10 dja* xa djai e l ma zi ts'ez ze* xai7a wonlj awon € yetdaxa 
He did that his son-in-law he was going to kill it was, but trade 

on la e ai yi e e l ma jl 7tit da I tc'et di ta na 1'ai dji € wot dun ne 
he made. Then his son-in-law lived they say. Under the ground person 

12 e cj 1q ai yi a t'i gwa £ na ye 7m da € e tc'et di 1 ko la tc'ain t'e e e l 

it was. That it was. Then he saved his life they say, that old man. 

With supernatural power 

6 a' t'i et tc'et di 

he did it they say. 



The Equally Matched Magicians. 

14 dunne lewo'te'e eyle' li gi ye to t'e djV mo kw^' won li 

People were jealous of one another, because of that one far from there 

his camp was. 

76 7an ko dji € wgn ka te'e des del me kwa, kedat'j nj te'e ni del 
His camp (?) to it they started. His camp was to be seen. They came there. 

16 e yi ye won tc'i € 6 i me tc'in 6 du ce/ et dl ye tc'j € des ya ye tc'i* 
The one he was jealous, "To him I will go," he said. To him he started. 

To him 

1 Probably me tee*, "his father-in-law." 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 347 

xwa nlya edoxwotc'j cac adja e cac kwa. wotc'j 6 7iitl'el yidi(e) 

near he came. From there bear he became. Bear camp to it he was run- 
ning along. Those 

2 dunne 6 at'ii netc'j e etc'edel'a yutdl et'e eyi kwa. ku e etts'un- 

people it was, "To you he is running," they said. Immediately that camp 

inside a stranger 

ne e lj dun ne dl ts'a 7ut de e xa k'ai xa de Fa ii gi £ cac e \[ li gi 
was. Man when he heard it buffalo he jumped out. One bear was ; one 

4 xa k'ai elj Ion na7ut date € j da dji 6 le7unnedjit eyi'e' et du 
buffalo was. They met. On each side they were afraid of each other. Because - 

of that not 

ala7aidleeyo a 7am t'e le 71m ne djit eyl € e* xa k'ai tc'j € cac 

they could do anything to each other they were. They were afraid of each other. 

Then to buffalo bear, 

6 kwon'didi nede nak'ace on t'i me' wgnlj a'wacdeeci kudindi 

(spoke) thus, "Your food so short it is 'With it is I can do anything,' 

you think 

kwon me 6 he £ ce tc'j € e* din Fa a ne t'j yet di cac yet dl xa k'ai I 

with that tome you ran you are," he said. Bear said to him. Buffalo, 

8 djii cac tc'j € nai dju' nawo' xa k'a ce e e' da woe de e ci kiidindi 

too, to bear, "You too your teeth are short with 'What can I do?' 

you think 

e* a ne t'in g ke 7iit de t'e le 7tlt de t'e e t'e le na dji ne ana' le- 
with you are." Two of them they are alike immediately friends of each other 

they made 

10 7an dla € tc'et di 

they say. 



A Magician Cuts his Throat with Impunity. 

dunne li ge wo 1 te tc'a din t'e e 1q me ge € djo 1 xac t'e ku dl 

Man one very had supernatural power. His partner, "Too I am the - 

same," he thought. 

12 u' xa tse 6 dac t'l ka ku 7tit di i he e tc'ain t'e e yi € e l a ku 7lit di 

Then first, "I will try myself," they thought, "with supernatural doings." 

Then they thought 

gu tsi e le da 7a t'as xa da la 7a € i € a won € e du t'a 7a ne ts'it me ge e 

their heads they would cut off. They did that but not they died. His partner 

14 ma k'a si li t'as e lg sfin € a di dla e on ke mila'e* xa yin la e 6 a 6n- 

his throat he cut off. In vain he did it. Twice his hand he did that. He was - 

the same as before. 

t'e he *et du e a' na di dla e e tc'et di 

Not he did anything to himself they say. 

16 me ge £ ka tsjn € des ya me ge e wgn ni ya e ga won djo *ac t'e 

His partner to he started. His partner to he came. (?) "Good I was 

kwucdi eyi € e* ac t'i e \ e \ € a*necya € dunne xa t'i elj da' e in dat- 

I thought and I used to be I am not," "Man that kind when he is 

he is hard. 



348 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

dla e ka con naginya ye k'a ce € k'e ml la nl € q' eyiYa 'a' na- 

Well, to me come." On his throat his hand he put. Because of that 

he was well. 

2 dja € gwa 7ut da* won djo ya 71 da a won* e de ka da wo de € - 

Now they lived. Well they lived but they were trying what they could do 

un e yi 'e' a 7ut t'1 

because of that they did it. 

4 xa tse € yi do \ nediiedg' dun ne \ da* da' 7m dla* 7m le' e lg 

At first white men when were not Indians powerful they were. 

xon t'l t'a dji djii ya 7a 71 da a 7a won £ e' hwo ye xa won de t'e 

Being that way too they were living, they were killing more they were that - 

way. 

6 tc'ain t'e 6 e he' ya7a7itda 7inle'elg € e t'a ze t'a de ts'i do 

With supernatural power they were living they were, leather with when they - 

were wearing. 



A Magician Spends the Winter in a Lake. 
mi ge 6 ka da' 7a git dun ne 7at da xai sis t'a 71 ye \\ tl 71 yi le l 

Lake they cut open man alive in a sack they put in. They put it in the - 

water. 

8 et de da 7a tc'jn t'e e he € € ac t'e won \[ ka ku 7tlt di e yi dun ne' 

They waited for him. "With supernatural power, lam it is," they thought. 

That man 

ti ts'I tr he' "utdunne xa ca le e e' di e jl e atc'ei yas k'e € a da ze 

who was put in the water himself, "Do that to me," he said. Then they did it. 

Winter all 

10 tu t'a jj sut da k'al la u 7a di lj na tc'et t'l k'a 7ut da xwon ts'et- 

water in he sat; nearly snow was melted he was seen again still alive. 

They took him out. 

tetc 

12 daxane xada't'i ewon t'a ne k'e daxane jg xa7titda' et du 

Some of them did that but they died. Some of them only lived. Not 

wut te tc'a din t'l awon € a t'l t'anneke e na lg ne xala7a £ je 

very supernaturally powerful but it was they died. Many of them they did - 

to each other 

14 t'a 7un ne ke yi dg 1 tse do de di hi ne du e a yi xa la ga € i £ e' 

they were dying. White people before sickness was not. That they were do- 
ing to each other 

zo' t'a 7unnets'ielg xa tse do' 
only with they were dying at first. 



1 These two words perhaps might be divided 71 ye lj ti yi yi le. 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 349 



A Magician Escapes the Cree by Turning into a Buffalo. 
dtinne na lo na tc'ut de' ll ge kola mawo € a'nadldle e yi e e' 

People many were living there. One old man his teeth he was going to - 

make. Then 

2 mega na tc'e de € i e [ de cin ne dunne'tc'j* wo de sut dtin ne ai t'e 

for him they h^d camped. Cree to the people they were coming. People all 

tail'a € u' aiyi kola et du nj € j ya e tc'ain t'e e e* et djin de cin ne' 

ran off. And that old man not got up. With medicine power he was singing. 

Cree 

4 dunne' wo nl del et du edawutdi de cin ne dun ne k'e na set del 

people they came to. Not they knew. Cree after people they went 

a wo € et du dun ne ze xai no del de cin ne ya xai gu jo dun ne 

but not people they killed. They came back, Cree. Over there suddenly 

man 

6 e djin dl ts'uk won wo tc'j € 7a des del ko la' a t'j a zis de tci'n € e' 

singing they heard. There toward it they went. Old man it was tipi cover 

sticks with 

dl ge 6 gi ye ni tsl dun ne ne du we xa k'ai jg na de ya dun ne 

up he pushed. Man was not. Buffalo only stood there. People 

8 € iil'e zo wonlj aylihe e glgenedjit a yl xa k'ai eli awon € 

he was going to attack only it was. Because of that they were afraid. That one 

buffalo it was but 

ko la € j € j 6 a t'l me tcu we e e 1 la t'j e yl li gi e lj cawo € e a'- 

old man had been it was. His child one that other it was. ' ' My teeth 

I will make," 

10 na wac die et dl e yi € e' ma kwa a' wa tc'I € dla € ca wo € a na wac- 

he said. Then for him tipi they made. "My teeth I will make," 

die hi et dl eyl e e* € a' 71 ye j lo ec ke a' na dus die e* dl Ihe € 

he said. Then they did that. "Young man I will make myself," he said with 

12 a t'j e tc'et di xa 7ut t'j da' a' na 7a dl dle e e le e tc'et dl con 

it is they say. That way they did. They used to do it they say. Old age 

gii ye ze xai da a zis t'a € a na gut de € ints con 

if it is going to kill them in tipi they used to renew themselves, old age. 



Fournier's Grandfather's Supernatural Power. 
14 € aiyetl'o' gwa € tc'e gu' m di ti aiye e ctls k'e gu onle' 

After that then woman I took. Then my children were. 

lige xaladl gwa xatda 6 ti € zexai adja €€ e' gadjii tQetc'e e ' 

One oldest then moose began to kill it became. Again far 

16 wonka dls da' gwa dje/' xatda' na du we do k'e e indadla' 

to it I was moving. Over there moose were none. Starvation hard 



350 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

£ a dja € in la dje € ca k'e* f a du wg le' 6 e' tc'e da gwa £ dun ne e ' 

became. One month not there was, porcupine. Then people 

2 a du na tcut € a dja 6 e e'tcljg' xat da in la tc V ze xaj ai ye' 

not strong became. All at once moose one I killed. That 

gwe tc'I a naduwe a dja € gwa' luge onletcale' on ka 

soon was gone it became. Then fish they used to be toward 

4 ts'ut dis da' gadju' e a du tc'ut dai ya € awodja € tsi ya € 

I was moving. Again not they could walk it became. Young moose 

sa tcwe/ ze xaj ai ye € kj € gatcu tc'ut des da gwa € ' luge- 

my son killed. That food again they traveled. Then by the fish 

6 ga' ni tc'in da' luge na 1q' ts'uz ze xaj ai ye kj e ' ya yas sit- 

they came with the camp. Fish many they killed. That food they were saved - 

with. 

da' 

Thunderbirds. 

8 dige yawo'm' € a'dI jo e nlwole' yedi nade € e'tc'etdi dige 

Land where it stands up only they breed there they live, they say. 

Ground 

de tcin ne du e € a wg sun na de di ke wo ne djit wo' gn cic ta ke- 
wood none they make. Where they live it is place to be feared. (?) mountain 

every 

10 ne t'e na de da ne' 6 jn tc'a dj t'e zg' ye ya w5 e j € e' yi ne da ge 

they live. Men with strong supernatural power only see them. Those people 

from them 

e ut da tc'e di 6 I e ne da ge € zg € e e ' da tc'e di na de di da ne ' e du 1 j 

they know it. Those from them only they know. Where they live man 

nothing 

12 6 gt'ene yeyaka wg € j da' c u t'e € e'yi £ e' me' tc'e ne djit kw5n e - 

people who have near them when they see them they attack them. That is why 

they are afraid of them. That kind of person 

t'e ne € e' du ye ya wo € j € e tc'et di da ne' zexai € eyo e g t'e e eyl- 

not they see them, they say. People they can kill it is because 

14 € e' he natc'atket'e 6 e'wg digewo'tcit di ge wo' tcit de *eyl 

they are strong, with that "world tendons." " World tendons " those 

jg £ ma' na tcut € e'tc'edl e e' eyi zg' t'andets'It 6 e' t'anets'it 
only they are stronger than, they say. Those only they die with they die. 

16 de tcin es dat si jg e ya yi tcul 

Trees twisted only it tears all to pieces. 

di da zan ne £ e tuc ne e tc'ut le *e tc'it di 

Partridge, jack pine size small they say. 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 351 



The Boy who Was Cared for by a Wolf. 1 
Ilatc'I dimne nms ki gu nalg' ti da 7 a' t'j yus k'e ta di djV 

One man his children were many alone lie was. Winter middle 

2 ma tc'I u e e. de ts'ut dun ne ka ti e sta 6 in tc'i da ya gut da' gin le £ 

his wife died. People to he started. Orphan he had taken care of there was. 

utdu ayileygtc'e yetc'ele' I di' kwa. tj da' aiye € dg € e e gue 
Not he could do anything. He left him there camp alone. Then in the - 

spring there 

4 ni ya' gu jo' k'a tc'it do 7a da' ni ya di tj da na dja yas k'e e a du 

he came, behold still child was alive. He brought him there. ' ' How did it - 

happen during the winter not 

ne xa na tan ye de tc'I yu ne £ sa 7a da sat t'a na tletc ca kon a le 
it froze you?" he asked. "Wolf took care of me; with me it slept; forme 

fire he made; 

6 aiye^wo 1 a du sexanatun at tsun dju € sa € j' tcut ye di' ai ye 6 - 

for that reason not it froze me. Meat too he fed me," he said. After that 

Yq on tis wat tc'P 7ut da gwa de t'l at dja € Yq dje dat die k'i e 

for a long time he was alive. Middle age he became. After that with sickness 

8 dai e ts'ut 
he died. 

The Loaned Hunting Dog. 

k5 la wo te' mele' utco* xut da ts'j € tc'u ne l[ e e t'i e e l et du 

Old man very his dog good toward moose wolf dog because was. Not 

10 Ijzl 6 elj eyi ehe € u tco ii ge eckai xa'tdake wo £ j et du € e l ze l - 

proper dog it was. That with good. One young man moose track he saw. 

Not because he killed it, 

xaiihe* e e'ca nele e cono'te xat da ke wo wac € j ne go dji 6 no- 

" Grandfather, your dog loan me. Moose track I saw. Over there I will go," 

12 wac I et di e yi € e' ko la' e cai ce 1§ € tea de gn t'e a won e e a' din di 

he said. Then old man, "My grandchild, my dog is bad, but you say 

da ce wo te ac £ iak'ehe € awonjecila yet di a ne £ i a k'e he € 

how exactly the way I do you will do," he said. "The way you do 

14 a woe € I e ci yet di ec kai xa tse € e zi x^j et de et tsu di la e ma- 

I will do," he said, young man. "First if you kill, end of tongue you give to- 

him, 

woal xaci zo* me ni di ge won lj xa won le yet di a ci a k'e he € 

I do only he is glad, you do so," he said. "The way I do 

16 et du ke te'e ne won l[ e cai yet di 

not miss, my grandson," he said. 

1 Told by John Bourassa, who learned Beaver when a boy near Dunvegan. 



352 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

de tcut' ec kai li € e* xut da \[ won ze' xai et du ko la € a ye di- 

He went hunting, young man with dog. Moose dog killed. Not old man 

the way he told him 

2 e a k'e he et du xa yl la lg a ztit' jg da yain t'ats djl ye tc'in* de cil 

not he did so. Liver only he cut off to him he threw. 

aiyi lizi 6 medjixats'ut etdii yatset yetc'ele xatda yayin- 

That dog was angry. Not he ate it. He left it. Moose he cut up. 

4 t'ats na des ya tu. e e l k'adja'Ihe 1 tu e gnla 6 lize e I xut t'e 
He started back. Water with because he was thirsty water he got. Dog just 

se tj € j £ j tu wutdo 1 dun ne e t'e ye k'ai des ya ye teg ni tc'il 

was sleeping. Water he drank man immediately on him he jumped. 

He disemboweled him. 

6 gwa e ye ze' xai ai t'e ye teg ye In da lg 

Then he killed him. All his ribs he ate. 

ne du e li za yu daneyfi nediiwe Yayintetc £ u l a yl kola 
Was not dog and man and was not. They went to bed and that 

old man 

8 bele € etdii xut t'e cele € nedue eniidll djatde* nawosg enudlj 

his dog, "Not for nothing my dog is not here I think. Wrong he did 

I think. 

utdane' cgn e ut tc'uk etdii xut t'e e t'i e le ce le 6 won lg yu la* 

He himself (?) has been howling. Not for nothing he used to do that my dog. 

Many times, 'do not; 

10 etdii € a'jak'ehe € ma 7a won da € e ci i e cl a won 6 x5' te a' cet di e 

not the way I do you will treat him,' I told him but very because he told me 

ma ye'nltivi yeze'xaiiicon nediie etdii yiitda on t'e ml- 

to him I loaned him. He has killed him probably. He is gone. Not living 

he is. For him 

12 ka na ta mlwoVylka et di kola' 
look. See if you can find out," said old man. 

mika te'e des del min ka tc'et del diT di e € kwa, won ka na nl- 

After them they started. After them him they went. This way camp to- 
ward he had made tracks. 

14 dok'lg be k'e 1 nats'adail yidae jo* set! li yezexailg ayi lize € - 

After him they went. In front of them only he was lying. Dog had killed - 

him. That dog used to be 

€ [ € j nediiwe de tel sg € a dja € kola aiyit'azl 6 jg* Yut da e \ € [ 

was not there. They did not know where he went. Old man because of that only 

he was living. 

16 da woe t'e ce le £ but t'a ji yuc da € j 6 i con ten da 1 ti do get e di 

" How shall I live? My dog with I was living. From me (?) alone he has - 

gone," said 

ko la xo te me di ge tc'ai won li yifi ka wo de e yl € e' xa l'i e djl 

old man. Very he was displeased. For him he called. Then the next morning 

18 nii get a yi £ e l ye t'a tci na yut da e tc'et di k5 la et du eze' xai 

he came back. Then with him he lived again they say. Old man not 

he killed 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 353 

a dja € I he* gwa € won djo et sun 6 t'a dji 6 na 7a da na dli e tc'et di 

it was because now good meat with he lived again. It happened again 

they say. 

2 null le 6 wo te u djo e tc'et di di ge g lo dg 6 a tc'et di 

His dog very good they say. World when it began they tell about. 



The Hunting Fetish. 
dunne debut etdu. kadaeyo adja e xatda ye'woco' adja 6 - 

Man was hungry. Not he could live it became. Moose perceived him 

because it happened 

4 I he 6 don yeze'xai e tc'et di eyl dunne jndadedla 6 6 j e [ et da- 
hunger was killing him they say. That man had been powerful they knew. 

tc'et di etdii wo de zu. ka date e yo 6 a dja 6 xatda wo' no wut dja 6 

Not long distance he could walk it happened. Moose he came to. 

6 et du. k'a ju t'ti e yg* a wo des slit' ta na des del tel ye mo 1 sut da- 

Not yet he could shoot they rushed off. They ran away. Little moose on him 

used to sit 

€ j e i xa ye 7m tj e yi dun ne' xat da tc'i 6 da' ye tetc a won 6 et du 

he pulled out. That man toward moose he was moving it about but not 

8 xut da yindidi e a' ta na des del a yi tciye' tu ni ye 7ai t[ e t'e 

moose took notice. They ran off. That little moose snow he put under 

immediately 

tit dun ne djii t'ai ts'ut eyl tel ye mut tsun e k'e e t'e eyl € e l a t'l 

he himself too he died. That little moose like his flesh was. With that 

he was doing it 

10 e tc'et di tac € e' dunne ya7itdado l won 1[ 1 e di 

they say. Arrows with people when they lived it was they say. 

xat da yg tcfi ya e he 6 de tel ye xa ya a 7m tl yi zl e t'a ye 7m tl 
Moose because she liked him her young one she took out. In him 

she put it. 

12 e yi 6 e won djo cl ka de te a yin la 6 6 j 6 i yin di ge tc'ai 6 a yin la lg 

Then good luck he had. (Moose) angry he made 

eyiehe 6 dg' yezexailg xayinlai'e' a t'j e tc'et di 

because of that hunger killed him, he did so it was they say. 



The Man who Talked to the Buffalo. 
14 6 i la tc'i dun ne xa k'i ye tc'i wa ti ye ge tee € a tci ye tcii wut ti 

One man buffalo he talked to. He gave them commands, he talked to - 

them. 

yi wut tc'j da € ac iwatci 6 te na 6 ac sun ni tciit aiye 6 hwa te £ ac 

"To that place go, there go into the water; give me something to eat." Then 

they went into the water. 



354 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

da 1'a dje te ni 6 atc ai ye gi ze xai a dje kai 1 xe € gi yu get € a mai- 
Backwards they went into the water. Then they killed them. Spear with 

they stabbed them. Then (?) calf 

2 ya tee tin nai on tco dun ne k'e tc'e e tin nai et di ai ye at tai tce- 

"Mother," plainly like people, "mother," they say. They hold them, 

they kill them. 

zes xai e la dji € mtit dai yi dje € a du tstiz ze xai dun ne' ka je' u letc 
One a bull not they killed. People between he ran. 

4 ai ye e e' ideexatte ta tc'til ye xat tee yi de ye te'e da 

Then (?) they pull them ashore. (?) They begin to eat them. 



The Potency of War Songs. 
e t'a ze son 6 do dun ne ne 1q natc'aba* mlka e a tc'et t'l 

Leather breech cloth time people many were at war after them 

they were. 

6 ne du e et du te'e £ j £ et du a tc'et de he yg a wo dja e mm ka 

There were none. Not they saw them. Not they could do anything it hap- 
pened. For them 

tc'et djln gi yi ka et djin de cin ne ka a 7iit di 71 ya e i e yi e e* 
they sang. For them they sang, for Cree. "Where they were they saw them. 

Then 

8 a 7ut di mifi ka tc'et des del na de di gi ya 6 j € xtit 1'e dji e zon € 

where they were to them they started. Where they were they saw them. ' ' To- 
morrow only 

me tc'j e d5* de lj 7ut di € e' et de k'a da wo de tin tse' tcok' xa 7a- 

to them we will go," they said. They were trying their power. Large stones 

they took out. 

10 gin € q gi k'e k'e det ditc a k'e he 6 gu yi la € ke di 7e ke da t'j tse k'e 

On them because they put their hands the prints of their hands appear on the - 

stone. 

gwa € gi tc'i € wo de sut a yi € e' ai t'e gi ya 7an wg ut du e la t'l 

Then to them they rushed. Then all they killed. Not one 
12 7ut da a 7a yi la 6 de cin ne a gai 6 j* 

living they made. Cree they did it to. 



The Curing of a Woman with a Medicine Lodge. 
in la t'l dju' dunne* me wo di tee e lj di di me 1 tc'i u % wo' te 

One too man his story it is this one. His wife very 

14 det di et du won de za. 7ut da e yon e gn t'e me k'ain cuz na te'e- 

was sick. Not long she could live it appeared. Along side of her 

medicine lodge they stood up. 

7m ts'I me son % ybt de ku tc'et di li gi dun ne caj won \\ et di 
"Who will use it?" they thought. One man "I it will be," he said. 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 355 

xo te be tc'i e dl ge tc'e nl la aiyl € e, dun ne xa dji e et djin ai yi 

Very much to him they paid. Then man did that. He sang. That 

2 tc'e ge et dii na Yit da gagula t'ais ts'ut yii tc'et dl a won 6 naye'- 

woman not she moved. "Nearly she is dying," they thought about her, but 

he made her live again 

7inda ettc'etdl aiyi dunne wote dunne nelg ye 7a det- 

they say, that man. Very men many beside her when they were sitting 

4 ts'I da aye t6 i e tc'et dl gwa e tc'ege* wodjo nayeyindalg wo- 
then he did that they say. Now woman well he made her live. Well 

djo gat da* dlgexolodo' wonli eyi woditce elj dldl 

she lived. This world's end it was this story it was, this one. 



The Medicine Lodge. 
detcin I la t'l na 6 a eylk'e zo azis da'yaitsuz 1'ut 6 e' yu- 

Pole one stands up. On that only cover they put. Ropes with 

over there 

one giye nadayetsP etdu natc'utdii na € a etdii k'a git'a 

pegs they stick up. Not strong it stands not yet in it 

kwe yahwu gi t'a kwe yatc e t'e 7ut djit da a zis wo te in t'ic 

he goes in. Inside he goes in at once he sings cover very gets tight, 

ma t'a tc'e yu le e t'e e tc'et dl ciins u ye e yi 

like it is blowing it is they say. Cuns its name that. 



The Man who Entered a Fish. 1 
10 de ya at dii ton te dji e de ya til la /£ us la I e dl wo tc'I 6 dl e kj 

I am going, not far I am going. Canoe I made. From there I paddled. 

xut de ca ge guc kel II on lj zl t'a la € uc t'l lo In t'l zo ga li e ko la 

Just river I was paddling along it was inside I am. Suddenly really 

old man 

12 a ja 6 6 j 6 i gwa hwe xwon gus ke lu ge na tcl' zl t'a gi go tcl zo la* 

I had become. Only then I came out. Fish large inside (?) 

xa t'e ko la a ja € 

Thus old man I am. 



The Man who Wintered without Food. 

14 dunne in la t'l tjda' w5t'I 11 gi djii' tin da a t'i lg na 7a t'atc 

Man one alone was there. Another too alone was. They met each - 

other. 

1 Told by LouisQon. 



356 Anthropological Payers American Museum of Natural Hisory. [Vol. X, 

11 gi wo te mut tsun ne du we li gi gwa k'a mut tsun won tc'ul li 

One very his flesh none. Other still his flesh small 

2 wonlj li gi me tsun* neduwe aiyitc'j* daisadg* ettsun* 7am- 
was. The one his flesh none to that one, "What time meat did you eat?" 

tseda yedl yidi ca k'won da na di da dg ettsun € 7a set etdi ligi 

he asked. "Behind moon when it first appeared meat late," he said. 

The other 

4 mut tsun 6 won tc'ulll wglji wo te intsizlg yidi cak'e a 7m- 

his flesh small was, "Very much you eat. Behind moon you ate, 

tsetlg a won 6 ta ni ts'it lg yet di' ai yi a di yas sullek'edg* 

but you are beginning to starve," he said. This one said it. "Snow when it - 

was little 

6 a 711s set caj et di in la wo wut t'i yas k'e a duz ze 6 m la xa 7a- 

I ate, I," he said. Together winter all through together they lived thus. 

7m da* 
8 xa tse* dun ne et du wo t'e V da' e le enu dlj 

First people not much they ate I think. 



The Origin of Mosquitoes. 
ts'i tc'e gii ma tsi € ts'un ne wa tc'j 6 xai € atc 

Mosquitoes woman her head bone from came out. 

10 gusg' tc'e gii midjelle 7inlelg matc'iyii 6 ecg 6 a daj e dulle 

Once woman mean was. Her husband all the time she scolded; 

yexaixal jo adaje madjexatc'it jo ai ye 6 1'g daits'ut 6 aiye 6 

she beat him only, all the time she was angry only. After that she died. 

Then 

12 xontcV ongiyetj € atdu gudatclne € 6 a7inla ayi 6 e' wal'on- 

that way they threw her away. Not burial they made. Then some time after 

dj§ € gii € e' gun ni del ma ts'un ne 6 idi € ataii sulla e ii matc'i e - 

there they passed. Her bones there all were lying. Then her husband, 

14 yii 6 e. ya (na) tsi € ts'un ne 6 * dila metceleii ullecgn*' 6 e'di 

"Her head bone it is, she was bad I suppose it is," he said. 

yu' ni etc ya ya y[ etc £ i wa tc'j £ tsV xain del ai yii gwiit dg- 

He kicked it, he kicked it to pieces. From there mosquitoes came out. 

Since that time 

16 wa tc'j tsV g le' di di di ge k'e 

mosquitoes there are this on the world. 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 357 



The Shiftless Husband. 
dun ne ti da' wo ti de but I he € lu ge tii Ixi ge ka 7a e uc me tc'I- 

Man alone was living. Because lie was starving fish lake fish they two - 

went for his wife too. 

2 u 6 a.yu ni 7a mate dzis ze sut da a won 6 luge et du ze' xai tgn- 

They two came there. By hook he sat but fish not he killed. He went home. 

nas ya won djo hi ge ts'e ze xai e le ku dl me tc'I ii % xa 1'e djl e 

"Well fish he used to Mil," she thought, his wife. "Tomorrow 

4 caj dzjze wocdai etdi jhe' yetdl me tc'I ua. dazo giiet'e luge 

I by hook I will sit," she said. "All right," he said, his wife man. Quickly 

fish 

a.wo' te'e ge xut t'e es tun ne et du 7a ni get 1q a t'l 1q e yi £ e* 

she killed, the woman. Just ice not he had cut through it was. That is why 

6 et du lu ge zexai e e* on t'e lg na ye ylc me tc'I ii % luge na 1q 

not fish he had killed it was she found out, his wife. Fish many 

ginwo te'ege ii' ut dun ne gawo da es 1'q etdiill nanltj dQt'e 

she killed woman. And he himself for rabbits he set snares. None, 

he brought back. ' ' Why, 

5 wo'te ga nalo awon e ga etdii zexai on t'e yiidl te'ege nemile e 

very rabbits many but rabbit not he killed it is," she thought about him, 

woman. "Your snares 

ka wocai* yetdl dazutc'j € adl Ihe e cemlle ka neya ye'dl 

to I will go," she said. To the man she spoke. "All right, my snares to 

you go," he said. 

10 eyl € e' wondesya eyl te'ege ya7a cisk'e xat'e xa wo win kin 

Then she started to go there .that woman over there on mountain just 

he cleared the snow off. 

I e e dl sut da dze ni k'e at duz ze na date 1q I £ e dl ga mil ai t'e 

There he sat. Day all the time he had sat there. There rabbit snares all 

12 yas k'e se la/ 1q on ke t'l mil da se 1'on \q te'e ge yo nai ya mil 

in the snow he had left. Two snares he had set. Woman came there; snares 

des to wo te* da 6 es 1'oji wo te ga { ze xai no 7 7I ai yl me tc'I ii e a 

she carried. Very (many) she set. Very (many) rabbits she killed. 

She brought them back, that his wife. 

14 dazo dzinze sutdaVJ iitdiill zexai k'adjo etdii dzlns tana- 
Man by the hook he had sat nothing he killed. Again not hook in the - 

water 

1'aidjl etdii se € olo aiyl'e' luge etdii zexaielo on t'e gahwe* 

not he had put. That is why fish not he had killed it was. Now 

16 te'ege na yes ylc te'ege nediiweetde 6 etdii 7iit da wo le cl 1q 

woman she knew him. Woman if had been none not he would have lived. 

te'e ge t'a djl yas k'e at da ze 7a 7m da et tc'et dl e yi dim ne 

Woman because of winter all through they lived they say. That man 



358 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

et du dun ne* e t'e e lg et du woe dai e ku di lg et tc'et di e t'a ze 
not was like a man. "Not I will live," he thought they say. Leather 

2 zg do' elj 

only time it was. 



A Man Overcomes Obstacles in rescuing his Sisters. 
dazo' € gnodja te'egii yedeli € e' xadesya xutt'e e at'j yudi 

Man came home. Woman because she scolded he went out. "Of no im- 
portance it is," she thought, 

4 te'ege cuttc'ua, neta 6 kayedi e j dgt'gt'e kudPe* te £ e f gwak'a 

the woman. "My son your father look for." "What is the matter," he thought. 

' ' Father still 

nazut' e'di ecka ayi dazo' tail'alg te'ege yik'e wa, e [ yek'e 

is standing," he said, the young man. That man he ran off. Woman after - 

him she looked. After him 

6 de ca (des ya) me dji ze' xai no dja € j e [ ye tsi € ni di e g des luz lg 
she went. Caribou he killed he had come back, the head he took. 

He dragged it. 
yek'e Yaiyal te'ege atts'unne deyadjin 6 yek'e naseya xon- 

After him she walked, woman. Its bones the way he was going after him 

she went. She turned back, 

8 nidja aiyl te'ege dazo' Yaiyai uttc'ot'unne tunne no na date 
that woman. Man walked on. Other people's trail he came to. 

yek'e na da date ye de xwa ye t'a na date dunne e lj ku di u l 

After them he went. There close to them he came. People they were 

he thought, but 

10 yaYl n5 de a t'j lg a y I ya ni tcut madi e e da yin li n5 de di* 

those birds they were. Those they gave him food. Their food was there. 

Birds partridges 

a yl a t'j 
those were. 

12 k'adjii tadatc ut tunne k'adju wonlj yek'e desya ^'djlce 

Again he was traveling. A trail again was there. After them he went. 

Porcupines 

a t'j € lg be di € e dje' e lj awon € ut tsun ma e t'j tawont'ewut- 
they were. Their food pitch was but meat it appeared. Far away people 

14 dunne medi € etce ofiket'I ayi ka desya ayi e e' at'j unt'izo 

his sisters two those for he went, that was why it was. All at once 

ye tun ne wa € j ye k'e xa yal ya t'a se ya 

their trail he saw. After them he went. To them he came. 

16 inlat'i daz5 r 7a on ke yut de t'e ga'Yaiskilg axainka 6 deya 

One man both of them were married to. "After you I came 

a won t'e ye'di ma da 7a edadla dunne ete'ele a won t'e etdu 

it is," he said, their older brother. "Hard man, mean it is. Not 






1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 359 

€ a'xunneleeyo won t'e 'axolj 6 anedjVlo xSnt'eawon 6 etdu. 
you can do anything it is." "But (?) it has happened to you, nevertheless not 

2 axaidr nadesdaaiyo a won t'e axainka taawont'edji 6 desya 

without you I can go back it is. After you from a long distance I started." 

malaje 6 xat da ze'xaielo xut da e e' djit gu e t'i e a yut t'j e* dl 

His brother-in-law moose had killed. "Moose will be rotten. Quickly doit" 

he said, 

4 tc'egii metc'iuatce 6 guet'e tjnlya on nadawudeli e'di 

wonien his wives. "Quickly go." "Now, we will go," he said, 

ma da 7a 

their older brother. 

6 na 7a des del na7adail gfizo' etdu. xaistetc 7a li bid guyawo 

They started back. They were traveling back. Then not they lay down to - 

sleep ; very sleep was killing them. 

xa nes tetc ni' 71m del e \ e [ cis na tcai ku na dai won li tse k'as 

They lay down. When they had gotten up mountain large ahead of them was. 

Perpendicular cliff 

8 id lj € ut du dun ne ye ke 71 ya a zo on t'e me dl e tee' at tcuk' 

it was. Not man could climb it it was. His sisters were crying. 

in k'ai na na wo tec et dl gu ma du7 7a ni na 71 del ayi tse k'ac- 

" Never mind, we will lie down again," he said, their older brother. They got - 

up again, that cliff had been 

10 e [ e l ne du e 1q na 7iit des del 
was not. They started back. 

k'adju but go ye 7a 7m wq na 7a nes tetc k'adjii tii giidacixa 

Again sleep was killing them. They lay down again. Again water 

around them 

12 a na dja € 1q etdu £ a'gutdeeJQ ana7utdja € k'ut djo ca' tetc 

had become. Not they could do it became again. "Again lie down," 

e' dl me dl a te'e na nes tetc ni na 71 del € j e \ mj ge nun dut da de 

he said. His sisters lay down again. They got up again lake ground narrow 

14 tase 6 a' e a'wodja e lo e yl k'e na 7a des del 

running across had become. On that they started back again. 

gu dl ge tc'1 6 na 7m del mut ta e ko la e lj et du ni I ya a jo e 

To their country they came back. His father old man was, not he could - 

get up. 

16 nodja ecke 1 eljlg desya € i € j tgt'edji 7inle < lo a won 6 e utdunne 
He came back, 3~oung man he was he had started. Far away it was but him- 
self 

ma etdu xa won t'e du wonlj kudijj niatc'Iua yetc'gdesyai 

to him not it was so. Recently it was he had thought. His wife he left her 

18 won djo metsi7a e dek'allg et'ede eljla jetc'ele 6 i 6 i eyl dtinne 

good, her hair was white. Girl she was he had left her. That man 

in da de dla e te'e dl tc'ain t'e 6 e' go djl 6 ton k'e na se ya a w5n € 

was powerful they say. With supernatural power over there far he went but 

20 ma' et du ton t'e k'l won t'e 

to him not far it was. 



360 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 



The Treacherous Wife. 
dun ne \ la t'i tj da wo t'j me I'o wa me tc'e 6 u ^ € de cin ne 

Man one alone was. In his absence his wife Cree 

2 ni ye din t\ sg 6 yifi ka ne ta e dii adee' jo on t'e me nac kwo- 

carried off. For her he looked. Not he did anything it was. She was alto- 
gether lost. 

wot ts'ut sg yinka neta melace 6 yu e a7iyinla € a won 6 nedue 

For her he looked. His brothers-in-law too did it, but she was not. 

4 gwa me la zu. ye tc'e le Vdunne tin da' yifika desya tawon- 

Now his brothers-in-law quit; himself alone for her started. Far away 

t'e dji dan ne e li lg e' yl a ye *\ lg 

people were, those did it. 

6 ga hwe 6 ja € j me tc'i u wa € tii 7a 7a ya ya 6 j 7m da a won lg 

Now he saw her. His wife water going for he saw. "You are alive but 

ke e dj wa yu te gi si 6 e' ye di' a won 6 e dii wot tl da ne € e'- 

moccasins without I am destitute," he said. But not she spoke. "They will - 

know (?) 

8 dek'e nudljwiicon 6 ont'e kudi 1 eyi € e' je da 7a se da *es da- 

I suppose it is," he said to himself. Because of that, below he sat. A sharp - 

point 

tc'ile wonlj eyi tcinnek'e sutda dazo tc'ege yidige tonnaca 

was. That the foot he sat, the man. Woman up she went from the river. 

10 yits'I me da ne eg set da e'di et'e eyi dazo dets'i 71 yifi ka- 

" Down there stranger sits," she said immediately those men sitting 

ran down to him. 

wo des sut gi yin tciit 71 ya da se ka le a 1 7m la k'e da' 71 ye tj 

They caught him. A platform for him they made. On it they put him. 

12 gi yu e kwon wo te a 7m la 6 e t'is dun ne e t'es i he € kwo de de tee 

Under fire very they made. They roasted him. Man because he was roasting 

he was screaming. 

eyl € e' kola yo 6 g na de lg mes ke ge ai t'e 7a gi da wg lg 

Then old man over there he stayed. His children all they had killed. 

14 in la t'i me tii we zg e 7ut da yu' gn dun ne kwon de det tee 

One his daughter only was alive. Over there man screaming 

7a di ts'uk ca tcii we ye7on £ a' gu k'a ne ya e' di ku la wg e t'a i 

he heard. "My child, what he is saying, go to see," he told her, old man. 

There girl 

16 des ya f \ e j \[ ma da7 7a te'e ze xai 6 j % e yi e t'e e yi a di lg 

had gone, truly her older brother someone had killed that one he was like. 

That one was making the noise. 

ya 6 j 6 yii* € gn metaga nodja lin xwonne et'e adilg tea etdi 

She looked at him. Over there her father she went back. "Exactly brother 

is like is saying it, father," she said. 

1 The passage is difficult. The only suggestion given by the interpreter was "She did 
not think he would follow her." 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 361 

wgn ko la e e des ya je he € dun ne a wo t'a 7in ya ku la kon 

There old man started with her. People they kill he went to.i Old man 

there 

2 desya kuYinya dunne et'es adilg didgt'e cetc'iiwe/ et'i 

he went. He went in. Man roasting says it. ' ' Who is this my son he is like 

a t'es lg xa na ya 7m tj me kwa^ 71 tc' i € na ye ni tj ye dl tc'en- 

you are cooking? " He took him down. His camp toward he took him back. 

There with supernatural means 

4 t'e e e' wo jxi wo te e a yin la € ga won djo na 7ut da e a yin la € 

good very he made him. Now well he was again alive he made him. 

e yi dun ne na lg et du dun ne k'e tc'i € a t'i lg e yl € e' mes- 

That man many not like people he did because his children 

6 ke ge ga tc'ut da wg e Ig k5 la et du na tc'ut a dja £ e y 1 € e* 6 a- 

they killed. Old man not he was strong 2 he became because of that 

they did it. 

71 ye € j gu da ne lg e yi € e* a 71 ye e \ lg 

They were numerous because of that they did it. 

8 k'adjo le na ke tc'et du si dl 7utdi eyi dunne et'ezj cetc'uw§ € 

Again, "We will have a foot-race," they said. That man was cooked, 

"My son," 

yedi kola cetc'uwe/ gwa xat'edji le na wg ts'et du si dl tc'etdl 

he said old man, "my son, now tomorrow ' We will have a foot-race ' they 

say. 

10 did! nedletce 6 eyi zon e wonlj 1 dunne' 6 e'guste7a wolr dunne 

This your sister she only there is. Person I am going to bet it is. Person 

e ya gus ta ts'e ze xai 7a me tc'i u wa ut djj e dl ni ba li dl dut- 

I bet they will kill his wife." He sang. This tent its pole 

12 tcin xot'i eyi satsi extil tatcj natsut 7utda xaya7mtj wgjg 

like this tipi poles he drummed on. A bird fell down, alive he took it out. 

Well 

Vyinla 6 de t'a ya 7m tj le' wo 7ut te de sut e e yi es kai et du 

he fixed it. His sack he put it in. They had the foot-race. That young man 

not 

14 kjdldiV mutta € dun ne e e' le de 1'a € e da 1 € e a dja € kola li e 

he minded his father. With the people he raced. With the eagle he became 

old man. Really 

e yi dun ne' et du yet dai wo tea ne € q lg a ko lj € a co e 6 et du 

that man not ahead of him much he was. Because with old age not 

16 na tcut a dja 6 e he € 7U dai ne € g dun ne k'e dut tea de e e de 1'a 

he was strong because he became ahead of them he was. Behind the people 

with his legs he ran. 

eyi € eskai £ i € i yitdai ku e jya wotc'j 6 tatci t'a7inya dim ne k'e 

That used to be young man ahead he was out of sight. There (bird) he went - 

in. After the people 

1 The interpreter took t'a with a wo to mean "weapons," a wo t'a, "kill with;" "he 
went among those who kill people" seems to be the proper rendering. 

2 The interpreter took it to be na djut, "he hunted." 



362 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

de 1'a et du la dai e t'e dun ne 7a u ja dun ne ts'e 6.Q no dja 

he ran. Not long time it was by the people he passed. Before the people 

he came back. 

2 e yi xat'i won t'e 1q e yi e e* a 7ut di e u' a yi ec kai xa ts'e 

That one just that kind he was. Then he used to do that. Then that 

young man first 

no dja e tsun nl dj € q e yi me tc'I u e. € [ e j yo et de dlotc 11 gi 

he came back. Meat he took down. That one had been his wife was laughing. 

Another 

4 tc'e ge je ka a din di ye di a yi be tc'I u € a xa dun ne ne 1q 

woman, "Why did you say that?" she asked. That one his wife her relations 

many, 

a yi tc'e ge dun ne e lj 

that woman people were. 

6 a yi 7a set da me tc'I \i a, nQ dja at tsun ka ye di € j a tsun ne du e 

That one she married his wife he came back. Meat he was looking for. 

Meat was none. 

me a ye *\ yii € g dun ne nl ya € '\ nl ye dj € q wo tco no dja e yi e e l 

" Who stole it? " "Over there man stole it. He took it. Good he came back. 

Because of that 

8 € a t'l et du lj ne ce dai ne € q awQ € et du et due di* eyi € e' a cin- 

he did it." "Nobody my equal but not I knew it, because of that he did it - 

to me 

la € e e on t'e nam dunne e e' na 7m t\ e [ e [ dunnetc'j £ dlya ye- 

it was. You with the people I bet. To the man go," he said. 

10 di dun ne a' dji me tc'I ii a, yj lj ts'eyede € a l xa tus la nl ya 

Man before her husband was he sent her. To the door she came. 

ye di € e xwa a wq 6 na wo te tel na da wo ' t'a cl da zo e et du ya- 

" Above here close to camp let us go." Man not he spoke. 

12 tcut de me ta tc'j e tea me za/ xo tc'e is dun ne e* cu wii me k'e 

To his father, "Father, her mouth I hate. Anyway you wish 

din dltc ga me ta' ye ze xai e yi tc'e ge ye ze xai 

treat her." His father killed her. That woman he killed. 



A Man Avenges his Son-in-law. 

14 dane' desbak m^ka atcat'jne neduwe etdii 7lya € j xowa- 

People were going to war. For them other people were not. Not 

they saw them. They turned back. 

nl del ml ge ke na 7a di del ya 7ai ml ge won \\ de gac tc'u ne € 
Lake they came to. Over there lake was black spot. "Wolf 

16 be djl ze xai ku 7ut di be ya 7a € e* wo dai 7at di gi tc'j 6 le 70- 

deer had killed," they thought. "Marrow we will eat," they said. To it 

they ran. 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 363 

de sut li ge dan ne ye xa 1'a ya gai nl 1'a dun ne tsl 6 e li lg da- 

One nian ran by the others. To it he ran. Man's head it was. Cree 

2 ci ne dun ne 7m wg e on t'l lg dun na na djin ne e lj lg 

men had killed it was. People's relative it was. 

yi di ge wg tc'j 6 ta tc'et des del dun ne na lg' a yl ga dut tc'i 

Up to it they started. People many there were sitting. 

4 li gi me di til li a yi ma zj go ye € dunne £ e l a t'j ai t'e dun ne' 

One chief was. That one son-in-law with them people he was. All people 

k'e 7a ne t'e 6 ma ji' ne du we tai 1'a lg di ke ne dii we got da co e 

they counted. Son-in-law was missing. He had run away. His moccasins 

were not. "Somewhere 

6 mexatunecj ye' di' lg me tee e konmai' mj ka na ta kwon mai 

he froze," said his father-in-law. "Camp border for him look." Camp border 

du de xa 1'a me k'e te'e des del at du to t'e t'e mut tun ne e 

this way he ran out. For him they went. Not far frozen 

8 sa 6 6 q me tee € xa t'e ya e j 6 et du 6 e'yile'ayg on t'e ye te'e le 

it lay. His father-in-law just looked. Not he could do anything it was. 

He left him. 

e e' yi decinne 6 me k'e te'e des del me t'a des del na 7am del 
Those Cree after they went. Near them they came. They came home. 

10 gi ya f i gn ke dj kwa, won lg ai yi me tee 6 mekwa, wonlg edi- 
They saw them. Two places tipis were many. That his father-in-law 

' ' Their tipis most numerous thither 

xo tc'j 6 du ca € e' di tin da wo tc'j £ des ya ait'e ye(7ai)7ain- 
I will go," he said. Alone thither he started. All he killed. 

12 wg ut du In la t'l 7iit da e a' yin la € gwa 6 xo ut tc'uk gwa hwe e 

Not one alive he made. Then he was crying. Now 

mi de 7e te'e won li* 1 he 6 e di r la dj kwa, da ne ne lg 7g tc'i e 

he was mad because he was. There other place camp people many thither 

14 des del e e' dj djo' ai te glye7ainwg na 7a des del 

they started. There too all they killed. They went home. 

k'a dju. ml ge ke na 7a dit del e dj r djo' de cin ne na di 6 e lg 

Again lake they came down. There too Cree had been. 

16 € e yi djo ' na ba hi e li lg gi ka dzjc (a yi t'a dzjs) a 7a des ts'I e ' dii 

Those too war party were. Their fish hooks by them they were sitting. Not 

e da gwa wilt di lg llge etdii luge zexai ii' don t'e e ont'e ku di 

they noticed. One not fish he was killing. And "Why is it?" he thought. 

18 wo' di 1'a tse e e' 6 on t'e ku di yi ts'e ka woe get k'a djii ku di 

" Because it is shallow it is," he thought. "Further out I will punch the ice out 

again," he thought. 

gg des ya djo' dzjns e' silt da ce na dji ne e ljn kii di de cin ne 

He went there. There with hook he sat; "My relation it is," he thought. 

Cree 

20 e ljn e lg wo' te na dzas € e yi 6 e he 6 yo'naiya lace 6 hi ge 7e t'e 

it was. Hard it was snowing. With that he came up to him. " My brother-in- 
law, fish SOOD 



364 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

7am wg lg ye' dl" djo' mega et tc'a kai se tg lg et du me' wot- 

you will kill," he said. There beside him spear was lying. Not it showed 

2 da t'j ye tg e tc'a kai 6 j tcut ca na dji ne 6 e l du a' t'j lg kii dl 

it lay. 'Spear he took up. "My relation not it is," he thought 

gwa € xo de e at dun ne djii' € e' dl e e l ga tint e yi € e' ye ze xai 

and also he too ice chisel he was carrying. With that he killed him. 

4 e k'e tai Fa me na dji ne e du da a dV a yi 6 e* ai t'e me na- 

He ran away. His relations not he told. Those all his relations 

djinne tc'e7inwg de cin ne ye7anwg adane jg 7a da ngdja 

were killed. Cree killed them. Himself only he was alive. He came back 

6 makwa/ 

his camp. 



An Old Man Escapes a Plot only to be Killed in Revenge. 

ko la in la t'l tl da wo t'l ga t'a dji 6 7ut da mil € e' me tc'i- 

Old man one alone was living. Rabbits with he was living, with snares. 

His wife 

8 u € a et t'e de e \[ lg ll ge* et tc'u dji € dun ne na de ta e yi ec- 
girl was. One from another place people living that young man 

kai at'jlg des tcut Ihe € ts'egu. wgnaiya ecke kola mil ka- 

was. When he was hunting woman he came to, young man. "Old man snares 

after he is gone for 

10 nadesyal'g ziisxaili et dl eyi ecke a dl ts'egu tc'j e e e'dil6 

I will kill him/' he told her. That young man said it. To the woman he said - 

it. 

ze xai e t de ne 7a nu cai et dl 1 he 6 wot I'o € e yiii ka na des ya 

"If I kill him I will marry you," he said, after that to him he went. 

12 ga mil ka na des date a k'e he 1 yo ni e dja da' ja ze e j e e ga 

Rabbit snare the direction he went for he watched behind the hanging snow. 1 

Rabbit 

es dlut e yi kola ni dl tl da tcin tg t'e djl € ga na bat I aiylV 

was caught. That old man was taking it, tree far rabbit was hanging. 

Then 

14 da tcin saint e yi 7ut tint 1 he e yi tcut u* wut te es kai 1 yu- 

wooden hook that he was carrying with it he caught it, then hard 

young man he shot at him. 

ne t'ok k5 la ya 1 la ye yii e e de t'ok ko la e k'e yu n 1'a 

The old man jumped up. Under him he shot. Old man oh him jumped. 

16 e ye es ke i ta na de t'e siin e a k'e t'e ko la yi tcut ye ze xai 

That young man ran away in vain he tried. Old man caught him. 

He killed him 

1 Snow hanging on the bushes. 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 365 

dun ne me na dji ne ne Iq e l[ lg e yl ec kai ko la tai 1'a xa t'e 

People his relation many were, that young man. Old man ran off 

it was. 

2 etdu q xai dun ne wo ni ya e yi et dti dun ne e da yet di e yl e e* 

Not soon people he came to. Those not people he knew. Then 

e yi ec kai ze xai € i € i e yi me na djo ne Iq hi ga ni ya e yl € e' 

that young man he had killed those his relatives to them he came. Then 

4 dun ne € e e wo titc ai yl e xai e e* me* a xai won ne ditc I li di e cit- 

with people he was telling. "That one is ours to us you are telling. Last 

younger brother 

le e lj e j € j nai la zin xai e li Iq da dja € Qn t'e u di di H me su- 

he was, you it was you killed him. What has happened? we wondered. 

Who killed him? 

6 ye ze xai u. di di nai Iq a ne t'i Iq ga 71 ye ze xai xo te ko la ti- 

we wondered. You it is. You did it." They killed him. Very old man miserable 

sun ne a won € 7I ze xai e tc'it di 

but they killed him they say. 



A Man Wins his Faithless Wives by Wrestling. 
8 dun ne ko la e lj dun ne me kai e lj dun ne ti ts'e t'j 

Man old man he was. Man respected he was. Head man they had him. 

mets'iu € a on ke t'i do yezexai tca e ut tctlt date awQ € 

His wives two famine was killing. Beaver he was chiseling but 

10 ut du tca € ze xai e yi e e' da but te'e gii ye lu. kii di e yi ko la 

not beaver he killed. "Then they were starving, women were," he thought, 

that old man. 

da 7m t'j wq € a' ca 7ai € i kii di e yi € e' tca € na tc'iit li zo € ze xai 

"What is the matter they treat me so? " he thought. After that beaver small 

only he killed. 

12 in la t'i cat da 7a a t'is gii ye di r ton da te na go ye ditc tea 6 

"One forme cook," he told them. "Take it ashore," he would tell them. 

Beaver 

wq ne zq € gi da 7a ni tintc e yi zq 7a tsit ko la ca 7a lii e nii- 

shoulder only for him they would leave. That only he ate old man. 

"They are starving me, I think," 

14 dli kudi 

he thought. 

eyi e e' € a'7iitdja wonli (a7utdjaika) ku di nesti xal'edji 6 

Then " What will happen is it?" he thought. He lay down. In the morning 

16 ni 7m € atc te'e gii ni € i ya gwa € na wo di a 7a da ne t'e on t'e 

thej- two got up, women. "Get up. Now what will happen? What is the- 

matter with you is it? 

et du xa ne t'e e li 7iit di te'e gii on gi de ti gi yi tco ti £ atc son 6 

Not you do that before," they said. Women both went away from him. 

In vain 



366 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

ni e i ya 6 a l dl dla £ kola won djo 7tlt da awon e go ye- 

he got up he pretended, old man. Good was alive but " Their minds 

2 e in dl 'e e tc'e le e nu dll ku di 
are bad I think," he thought. 

eyl e e' yac k'e t\ da xa gut da' wo gut din hit me tc'I u e a 

Then winter alone he lived thus. The snow melted his wives 

4 ni 7a de € j e j e \ won ka des ya on ke gut det t'e in la t'l da zo 

they had passed out of sight thither he started. Both one man 

7a ni Yiin ni e ac e lo ai yl djiT da zo na tc'ut % e [ 7a nes ke lg 

they were married to. That one too man Avas strong they have married. 

6 e ge k'a woe c[ € et dl 1 ko la et do ton t'e me ge e a t'i yo' 

"Mypartner I will go and see," he said, the old man. Not far his co-husband 

it was to him 

nai ya ifi k'ai gut des t'atc a yl tc'e gii ni din la € [ e [ ye tc'i tj 

he came. Nevertheless they started to wrestle. That one women he had taken 

he threw down. 

8 me da' na tc'e tc'ut € \ e e' xa tse e da zo na tc'ut u ye e tc'et dl 

He was stronger than he. First man strong was named they say. 

go djl € ma tc'ut lo dun ne 6 e' de de sut € q me tc'a t'e 6 u cq 

That one was strong man he quit. "You wanted him, 

10 a t'j me ga sa ki yet dl gwa gii ye* tc'e le xat da de € e' tea 6 

it is marry him," he said. Then he left them. With moose horn beaver, 

€ e* tcet da e e' 6 a' t'j got do yl do 1 ne du e do' a 7ut di 

he was chiseling for it was. That time white people were not then they did it. 



The Rival Husbands. 
12 in la wo de t'e dunne' djii' xwon te e tc'et di dun ne 

Once man too was hard they say. Man 

tc'ul la' elj awon € natc'ullo 1 kwon sut dai et du na tcut- 

poor he was but he was strong. A married man not he was strong 

14 e' yon xa won t'l e yi e' tin da' des da don t'e et du e ze'- 

he was thus. Then alone he camped. ' ' Why not he kills anything 

xai e le ne e Ion t'e kii di e yi ma,' xa wo tc'i 6 tin ye zon- 

it seems" he thought. That one from him he took his wife. He stayed with 

him, 

16 a t'l ces ke ge t'a nu kel e ci kii dl 1 he 6 et du na djut e yi 

"My children they will kill," because he thought. Not he hunted, that one 

mo' xa wo tc'i tin 1 1 a ci wo' te won li ka cii det di aw5n € 

from him he had taken his wife away. Very it was he hunted, but 

18 et du € e'zexai dun ne' 7011 xa won ti i ga \\ e ts'ut do dg k'e 

not he killed, man he took his wife from him. Now children starvation 
1 na tc'ul 1q from na tc'ut lg. 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 367 

t'a ne ke € e vq a do t'e a won 6 me ta 6 et du kin di di c a' u' 

was nearly killing them it was but their father not he minded. And 

2 li ge kon siit dai ts'ul la 6 j 6 i eyi zon wo' te na djut a won 6 

the other the married one used to be poor that one only hard he hunted, 

but 

e du li ze' xai 

none he killed. 

4 eyi 6 e' me tcon da ne te nes ke ge donkwa donk'e t'ane- 

Then his mother-in-law "Why your children (?) starvation is going to - 

kill them 

ke e yon 6 on t'e et du na 7m da 6 gn t'e ma' ji tc'i 6 et di 

it appears, not you move it appears." To her son-in-law she said, 

6 tc'i u a e 1q ce t'o 6 e ca xa ne le et di me tciin yet di tu- 

old woman. "Well, my arrows forme get out," he said. His mother-in-law 

he told. One side of the road 

k'a ze de djut me djl won ni ya ai t'e ye 7am wo w5 te 

he hunted. Caribou he came to. All he killed. Very 

8 mec ke ge ka et des 7ai ta won t'e djl ni wo ci le ci et di 6 i e i 

his children for he carried it. "Far I will camp," he had said, 

me ge tc'iilla' e tun ne won ka des ya e tun ne e k'ai nai ya 

his partner poor. Road for he started. Road on it he came. 

10 k'a ni da' 1q et du lat dai ni ya e t'e yit dai me kwa, won le 6 

Already he had camped. Not longtime he had traveled, suddenly ahead of - 

him his camp was. 

niya tc'e' xail ni 6 q de zo xa, kii7aiya e con € yu q 6 

He came there. Outside load he put down. Without a load he went in. 

Mother-in-law, over there 

12 k'aesk'iille' tc'on ne € ces ke ge 7a tu zul le awonle' u ka 

white partridge dung my children for soup you make. That is why 

nila e j e i ku e ne € a' et di me tcon € tc'i 6 me ge 6 e yl da l - 

I brought it, inside bring it." he said, to his mother-in-law. His partner, 

"That was lying on something, 

14 sella' a won 6 me tc'es le' 6 j 6 I ces ke ge ye nu de le e ci yiila' 

but I left it. My children will choke. Do not do it," 

et di me ge 6 tc'i u % xail kii 6 e 7m 6 o et tsun 6 e lj me ge € 

he said, his partner. Old woman load inside she brought it. Meat it was. 

His partner 

16 wo' te mini'dige' won lj et tsuh 6 7a 6 j e e' e' 7a de 7ut- 

very much was pleased it was, meat because he saw. For it they started. 

des del 
18 me ge xa I'l do de tcut 6 j e j xa 7a djl 6 no dja ai t'e mes- 

His partner in the morning had gone hunting. Evening he came back. All 

his leggings 

le ge 6 e' da le da' ne tun kwe na dja et du li et tsun 6 na nl- 

blood was frozen. He came in. None meat he brought. 

20 € q* xa l'e dji 6 gu e t'e a 7a da wo de li et di gwut djl 6 7tit- 

"Tomorrow quickly for it we will go," he said. Over there they went. 



368 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

des del me dji ye tc'a tais del lg e yi k'e mi wg £ da le mi- 

Caribou from him had run off. That on his nose blood, from his nose 

2 wo £ t'a dale e lj lg e yi *e* 1q mes le ge £ utdale won ll £ I £ I 

blood it was. Then his leggings his own blood had been. 

Yutla* k'etdayltc e yi e e* dan wo de kin e yi be dji ze tse £ 

Pine brush he broke then he covered it with snow. ' ' This caribou carcass 

4 e lj ku tc'et du di ku di e yi £ e' a ye € [ lg me ge € da wo tc'e- 

it is they will think," he thought. Then he did that, his partner. "What is - 

the matter, 

de ke 7ut e lj e du li me dji ze tse £ wg \[ lg e yi € a* di 

pine it is. Nothing, 'Caribou carcass, it is,' that one said." 

6 € g 7m del e yi yo' xa won ti £ I £ I tc'e gu yon ni tl e tc'et di 

They went back. That one from him took his wife away woman he gave to - 

him they say. 

et du won ka kwa. cec da e yg ac t'e lg ku di £ e' xa dja £ 

"Not for it camp I am able to marry I am," he thought. He was this sort 

8 e tc'et di e t'a ze sg dg' a t'l 

they say. Leather breech cloth time it was. 



A Young Man Tries to Escape the Responsibility of Parenthood. 
wo te ya tc'e di but et du dun ne 7tlt da e yo a gin t'e 

Very they were hungry. Not people they could live it seemed. 

10 du ye £ a' 7m la % % e yi ka na 7a del e du k'a tc'e £ j tc'e £ j 

Cache they had made to that they were going. Not yet they saw it. 

They saw it 

e t'e ll gi kola me tcu £ e ec ke e li te £ a tj da' wg t'a ji 

immediately one old man his child boy was. ' ' Father alone we will go - 

somewhere," 

12 eye'di awon £ but ta £ ces ke ge t'o kel e cl e l du xac de £ - 
he said; but his father, "My son we will die. Not I can do that 

e yo € a l won t'e but ta £ ye 1 di e yi ec kai wo* te £ a' di 

it is," his father said. That young man very said, 

14 ti da' wo t'a cl ye di e e* wg kon £ lj da wgn tse e ci £ e' xon 

"Alone we two will go," he said. "Fire you shove together because 

a dm di de tcwe. tc'I £ et di li da wu' se e ci 6 don t'a e di 

you say that? " to his son he said. "I will shove it together, whatever happens 

(?)" he said, 

16 me tew? lg a'dinditc'i 6 ti ni ya ye 1 di but ta € 

his boy. "The direction you mean, go," he said, his father. 

ti ni ya es kai tctit ne lg newone l tci £ et du ki di di- 

He started off young man. Wood much he made the camping sign. "Not 

you mind it 

18 € a 'ga ( £ a) ne t'e kwon € ll da 70 se £ es cl dindli t£ j da ne t'e 

you are. Fire I shove together you were saying, what is the matter? " 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 369 

mut ta e ye' dl kwon € li da wo se e es ci don t'a et di kwon € 

his father said. "Fire I will push together, what is the matter? " he said. Fire 

2 e li dai ye des si et dii dun ne € e' ne t'e e 1q a xo li e ces ke ge 

he shoved together. "Not man you look like, but my children 

du ye € 7a tc'u tcut e ci lg a xo li € dj dl € e' xat t'e ce es ke ge 

cache they would be fed, but you were saying it ; for no reason my children 

4 t'a dii kel e nil dlj e' di ko la 

will die, I think," he said, old man. 

mil des la xat da mil q ke t'i da se l'g et dii la dai t'e 

Snares he started away with; moose snares two he set. Not long time 

6 76 dji e mil na ze ts'o xat da won ke t'i se hit' ko la e yi ka 
from there snare made a noise. Moose two were caught. Old man to them 

ni 7a ne da te € a yi dai dun ne k'e na wo cai' e* di e yi ec kai 

he moved camp, "Father, ahead after people I will go," he said, that 

young man. 

8 yula" yet di but ta e wo te a won 6 wondiicai et di gon 

"Do not," he said, his father. Very but, "I will go there," he said. There 

des ya dun ne wo nai ya tc'e gu ka tc'e de li' a yi 6 e' gu- 

he started. People he came to. Woman on account of they were scolding him. 

Then soon 

10 e t'e mut ta € ka na des ya yit dai ko la a t'i bet dji 6 1 tc'e gu 

his father he went to again. Ahead old man was. ' ' From him woman 

ni wo' ni tie ci 1q e cai / yit di e tc'e ge niwonnitj a xa t'a 

has had a child, grandchild," she said woman. It was born. "With us 

12 se ya • me tcii § € con on t'e ye' di e yi ecka elj metcii§- 

he caught up." "Whose child is it?" he said. "That young man it is, 

his child probably 

con on t'e e' di e yi ko la me tc'i ii a, don t'a € da zo e lj la 

it is," he said, that old man. His wife, "What kind, boy is it?" 

14 yet di e axa da zo el; ye' di 

she asked. "Yes, boy it is," he said. 

gu e t'e mika na din da' ye' di tc'i ii % nii ce hi ce tcu- 

"Quickly for it go back," she said, old woman. " I will raise it. My child 

16 6 e. jlat'e € i e i yek'onge wonlj kaciidiidietde 6 iida'eci 

was one; a companion to him he will be. If he helps him hunt it will be well," 

yet di yin ka na des ya ko la na ye ni t[ 7a lg dilg ye ne eg 

she said. After it he started back, old man. He brought it back. Really (?) 

she reared it. 

18 ya a wo' a dja 6 ye t'a dji € won djo 7a da e tc'et di tc'i ii % 

For her he killed he became. Because of him well she lived they say. 

Old woman 

won jo e he € xa dja € e tc'et di 

because she was good it happened thus they say. 

1 Also ma tci e . 



370 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 



Torturing the Enemy. 
dun ne tj da 7ai yal de cin ne dju' yu € on tci 7a yallg 

Man alone was walking. Cree too from the other direction was walking. 

2 16* na 7a t'ac 1 7a' 7a nes ke la, dai sa da' na kwa ce kwa 

They met. Beside each other they two sat down. ' ' Brother-in-law, how far 

your camp? My camp 

gwa et di' de cin ne cain ce kwa. to t'e yet di I dun ne 
is close," he said, Cree. "Mine my camp is far," he said, the Beaver. 

4 djo tea 6 axutda7a me kj e non get' et di xa 1'e dji e netc'j* 

"Here beaver waiting for us; beaver house break open," he said. "In the - 

morning to you 

da wo del e ci et di lg be da 7a 6 e' a no dze li on la € I dun ne 

we will come," he said. Waiting for him fence he made, the Beaver. 

6 yas k'e ni kj gu. ye e tun ne a won 6 dla € e yl 6 e' no dze li 

On the snow he beat. There a trail he made. Then fence 

a yin lai ts'j e a t'j 71ft dail ni gun ni del dun ne 7a a no dze li 

he had made to it it was they were going. They came there. For the man 

fence 

8 ka 7a des del 

for they came. 

e ji ko la dun ne ga sut da de tcin le ye get son e a ye € j 

That old man by people he sat. Poles he was cutting in two. In vain 

he tried to do it. 

10 la/ k'e ni yic ye 1 di k'e yin yie e t'e yes got ye ze' xai yl- 

" Brother-in-law, break it," he said. He broke it, just as, he stabbed him. 

He killed him. Up 

di ge des del € j e j but ta 6 xo de de tee di ts'uk e t'e na wo- 

they had started. His father screaming, he heard immediately they started - 

to run. 

12 wut de sut na wo za sail a k'e he yu t'u. tas 6 e l ai t'e ya7at- 

As they were rushing along he was shooting with arrows. All he killed. 

di es xo et*du in la t'e e* wo lj 7ilt da a yin la e gii ma 

Not one was there alive he made. His mother 

14 7a dail djo' neske7e glwon et du won ka du* de € e 7m yal 

was coming. ' ' Here your children I killed. Not here this place you come 

da 1 won lj yet di a ma 7ai da yit t'i wo' te da da sa e a' ye kai 

it is," he said. Slave he took her as. Very much she was suffering. Her skin 

16 da de hit ai yi tc'i ii % djo' ze' xai a yi l'g a ye na da de he 

he used to burn. That old woman too he killed. After that those who lived - 

with them 

e yi ne ni di la 

them he took. 

18 e yi da zo djo xo xai dun ne na de hi' et du et da di da' 

That man "Here close people they are staying not you know about 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 371 

won lj la yet di I e e d[ xwa dun ne na de € a ko la gn ke t'i 

it is?" he said. "There close by people living old men two 

2 mut dai ne du we a yl mes ke ge na lg na ba hi e ne t'i 

his eyes none. Those his young men many war band enough 

7in li lg wo tc'i 6 da wo de li gu yet di e yl 6 e 6 won 7a des del 

there were. Thither we will go," he said. Then there they started. 

4 mi k'e hi we a 7a 6 i djii ce djo cut da 7a da' ts'I me ka 

Their winter trail they saw. (?) "Here, forme sit. To them 

wo' cai kwa, cetda7a aw5wadle' et di 

I will go. Camp waiting for me make," he said. 

6 e yl de cin ne ka des ya kola on ke t'e zg' se ke 1q go- 

Those Cree he started to. Old men two only were sitting. Their hair 

tsi 6 7a 6 in tciit ye ni 6 get de lut djon xac t'e cec ke ge na- 

he caught. Their faces he burned. ' ' Here I shall be this way my young men 

until they come home," 

8 won del e cj e ga et di li gi djo' cai djo xa woe t'e e ci gwa 6 

he said to him. The other one too, "I too I will be that way." Now 

mec ke ge no wi date ye k'e de 1'a ya ga ni ya ya wo lin do ' 

his boy came home. After him he ran. To him he came. He killed them. 

Just 

10 ai t'e ye 7a de zo wo te dtin ne ne lg a won 6 ut dun ne in- 

all he killed. Very people many but himself was one 

la t'e a won 6 dun ne a 7am wg lg en da di dla 6 e tc'et di 

but people he killed. He was powerful they say, 

12 tea t'i € e e ji dun ne 

Beaver that man. 



Two Brothers Escape the Enemy by Flight. 
in la xo de t'e djo dun ne on ke t'i € in la wo t'i € in tc'i le e le 

Once too men two (once) to each other brothers they were. 

14 xatsedo' duye na tc'a de hi ut dii won djo ke he 6 na te'e- 

First time along here they were camping. Not good way they had dreamed. 

tec 6 i € i etdii xa si t'e dii djo kewonnele 6 a'sit'e tea 6 dit'es 

"Not we do this way here it is fortunate we are. Beaver we will roast. 

16 won djo tea 6 wo tsits e ci tLwatdllado' 6 a 7ut di 

Well beaver we will eat, until the snow is melted," they said. 

ma da 7a k'e don ye t'its 1q djon ke won ne li 6 a' si t'e din di I 

His older brother looked around. "'Here a good place we are,' you said, 

18 di ye 6 gn t'e me k'ain ta yet di me tc'il le tc'i 6 gQ two k'ai ta- 

this what is it look," he said, to his younger brother. There. He looked. 

6 i 6 i de cin ne a t'i gu ts'i 6 7a 6 ac lg da 70 di xa' 7ut di a yl 

Cree it was. Towards them they two were going. "What will we do?" he said, 

that one, 



372 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

ma da 7a tea* due xain yet di ta da wo 1'ai et dl in k'ai tea* 

older brother. "Beaver I will carry," he said. "We will run away," he said. 

' ' Never mind, beaver 

2 yu la 6 € on di te et di ma tc'i le e t'l zo 7ai dai de 6 et sun 

do not; throw it away," he said, the younger brother. "Nevertheless if we live 

meat 

e di a xa in da wo du dla e e el yit da d[ wo tc'i 6 due xain 

without for us it will be hard. Over there toward it I will carry it," 

4 et di ma da 7a 

he said, his elder brother. 

ta 7ut de l'a de cin ne gu k'e de de ya 1 e du de cin ne 

They ran off. Cree after them came. Not Cree 

6 e tc'on 7ut de le gwa de cin ne gu ye ze xai 7a ni won ts'ut 

from they could run. Now Cree they would kill them they rushed up. 

ma tc'i le xo te na 1'e e da tcet di 6 j € [ et du de l'a k'e t'l ye ta 6 

His younger brother very he ran, he had known not he ran that way. 

8 ma da 7a ce ze' xai e yQ a dja 6 te'e la g ni ya 6 e' on t'e 

His older brother, " I may be killed it happened. Clumsy because he was fright- 
ened he was," 

yu di ma da 7a yet ts'tin ne ta da € exal gnlyae' gn t'e lg 

he thought, his older brother. Among his bones began to pound because he was - 

frightened it was. 

10 7a xut da k'e dji 6 de l'a ye tc'o de 1'e xa dja e yl 6 e' di 

Now moose like he ran. From him he ran it was. Then, "This 

tca € difi 7ai et di ma da 7a 6 in k'ai g da* wo tel 1 ye di 

beaver you carry," he said, his older brother. "Never mind, we will throw it - 

away," he said 

12 ma da 7a e in k'ai ula' 7in7ail ye' di eyi € e' tea 6 7a 7ail 

his older brother. "Never mind, do not; carry it," he said. Then beaver 

he carried, 

a won 6 de cin ne e teg ta 7a de l'a ta t'l 7m le 6 k'e ta 7a de l'a 

but Cree from them they ran away. Three (nights) it was they were run- 
ning, 

14 ga hwe 6 kwa/ a wo de dla 7a nes t\ a yl tea 6 6 j 6 j gi ye t'e 

Then camp they made. They lay down. That beaver that was 

they roasted. 

won djo 71 ya tset a yl 6 e won djo 7a 7ut da a na 71H dja 6 

Happily they ate it. Then happily they lived, it was again. 

16 wo te ljni7indji a won a 7ut tset a yl 6 e l won djo 1 a na- 

Very they were tired 1 but they ate it. Then happy they became again 

7iit dja gu ye tc'et di 

they say. 



1 "Out of wind," was suggested also. 



1916.1 Goddard, Beaver Texts. 373 



A Man and his Wife Are Saved by Lightning. 
dun ne wq nai del € a yi et du et da tc'et di ke t'e e yi ' 

People to they came. Those not they knew. Those 

2 dun ne e ec ke kwon sut da a yi wq gut di wo te yu la 71- 

people, young man was married, that one they asked him. Very much, "No," 

he told them, 

yet di awQ e li wo te a7iyedi ayl 6 e' gu ye des del tawo'- 

but very hard they asked him. After that he went with them. Far distant - 

people 

4 t'e dji € wo dun ne e lj 1q gu ye des del dun ne di ge tc'j € ta- 

they were. He went with them. People to land far 

wq t'e djl £ dun ne na 7iin nl t[ t[ a won t'l dun ne di ge 1q 

people they brought him, it was, people's land 

6 wo tc'j 6 a yi eekai tJ7anelu et du e a ( de 6 e l yQ a dja 6 e yi 

thither. That young man they began to starve him. Not he could do any- 
thing it happened. That 

ec kai gwa et du na tcut a dja € e tsun e di et du gl ya in- 
young man then not strong he became. Meat was not. Not because they - 

gave him to eat 

8 tcut c e' gwa et du dun ne tjn ya ma ku den di dj l 

then not man he could walk. To him it was not easy. 

in k'ai t'o ts'i di 71 ye di e he € mj ge won tca e na tc'e du da e 

"Nevermind, he will die," they said. "Lake large we will move across. 

10 wo te in tc'i suk k'tlt dun nl m' tc'I wo k'uts ye zu xai le' 

Very wind cold man's face wind cold will kill him," 

7iit di metc'iyu € a' nl da' wo tel ku 7ut di 1q et du dji^' 

they were saying. "His wife we will take," they were thinking. "Not here 

12 won da 1 gu e t'e tj won ya € et du me da 7a won le 6 me da 7a 

stay. Quickly go away. Not for him wait. For him 

nelj^de 6 t'a na won ts'it e cj' na nl djtV u' me tc'i u € a 

if you wait you will die you too." And his wife 

14 da zu dut tcin di de t'l ka lie € a 7ut dus et du ja tQ tee ge 7a 

man wood four inches they loaned. Not hekeptit(?), woman 

yintQ 1 e ti zo wo la e a' won t'e et de 6 et dii da'wontclt e*- 

he gave it to. "All at once if anything happens not let it go," he told her, 

16 di 1q da zo 

man. 

tj tc'e ni da 1 mj ge k'a dun ne ( V da t'l na'tunne dun ne- 

She moved away. On lake people were seen. Thunder among the people 

18 k'e j ya yas et du in la t'l sa 6 q da ne ne 1q £ j € j et du 

struck. Snow not one lay there. People had been many; not 

in la t'j de gac ai t'e na tun ne dim ne 7m 7Q lin 1 la t'l 

one black spot was. Thunder people killed. Just one 



374 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

de gac estunnek'ai € e yi ec kai yetc'i e des ya gu et t'e 

black spot on the ice. That young man toward it started. ' ' Quickly 

2 wac e j ku. di me' tc'i u € a £ e' lj \q € e' djitc wo sul le ni ye din tj 

I will see," he thought. His wife it was she was breathing a little. 

He took her up. 

yi di ge me kwa tc'j € ye mi dja et du 7a 7a 7lit dai e yo a 7ai- 

Up the bank toward his camp he came back with her. Not they could live 

they were. 

4 t'e 

gu di ge ton t'e xont'eawQ € na da wo t'ac t'a ne si sut- 

Their country was far. "Nevertheless we two will go back until we die," 

6 wq ka 7ilt et di da zo na 7ut des t'atc mi la zo ' won l[ ye he 

he said, the man. They started back. Their hands only were. With 

7ut dai ne du e ye he € da wo de xa tin a 7a ne ts'ut 7a de but *e' 

they would live was not. "With it what can we do? " They began to die. 

When they were starving 

8 € in t'l zo tca € kin € ts'a ze sa e Q na 7m t'ate to. mjl da woc- 

suddenly beaver house old stood there. They two came to it. ' ' Water net 

I will set 

1'ue tea' wo € ku di got da e xwon da ( ce da 7a kwon de- 

f or beaver," bethought. "Someplace nearby wait for me. Fire build," 

10 wo k'ofi yet di tea 6 e Qii ke t'l se liit e yi ki na 7"iit de t'atc 

he said. Beaver two he caught. That house they two went away from. 

ta wq t'e djl e giyihe' na7in t'atc 

To a distant place with it they two came. 

12 e yi tca e sun ne du we gwa k'a djfi 7a de but a yi' 

That beaver meat was gone. Now again they were hungry. That 

tca € tea lu. cac djii ne tcai 7m t{ u a yi kj € gu di ge na- 

at the end of the beaver meat bear too big lay. And that food their coun- 
try they two came back. 

14 7m t'atc gu di ge k'e gu non di e a da wq lj a yi ki € du di € e 

In their country its Small birds were. That food now 

di ge e e' na7adlt'ac \ da' wo de dla a won 6 7a 7tit da 1q e yi 

their own country they came back. It was hard but they lived. Those 

16 dun ne' k'e tc'i € e e da' 1q yisexe' kj e jo e ya 7it da dun ne 

like people they lived fox food only they were living on people 

6 e'ljlQ eyit dun ne e yi yisexe et du et da tc'et di e yi 

they were. Those people those foxes not they knew. That 

18 kj 6 ya 7it da 6 e' dun ne 7a % da de dla € mut tstln 

food they were living on for people it was hard, its flesh. 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 375 



A Man Saves his Parents-in-law from Starving. 

in la wo' de t'e I e' dj djo' dg a wg' ta' wo 1 t'e dji € 
Once there too hunger was killing them. Far away 

2 diiye wo ll e yi' ka tc'a dail lj € gi tc'I jsl nes da de but' e 
cache was. To it they were moving. One old woman sat down with hunger. 

eyi e ehe' yi de ma ji 7a dai dunne € e' me' tc'g nes da 

That with behind her son-in-law was going with the people His mother-in- 
law sat down 

4 e e' da 70 di' tg k'e dji 6 me la je' je a' t'j djo' cut da 7e sin e da 

he knew. Far his brother-in-law was. ' ' Here for me you sit. 

detcinta' niyaetde* wonli din ts'uk' et de e a wgn e e du 

Among the trees if I go, something is if you hear but not 

6 cidida7gn € a t me la je de tcin nazets'g €6 e' won et du 

pay any attention to me. " His brother-in-law stick he heard (break) but not 

yets'indeja me'laje k'alajo € me 7ot da t'j e' din na ze ts'o 

he went to him. His brother-in-law nearly he saw. There he heard a noise. 

8 mestinl'ule a di xat da tc'e g ke t\ gin won lg ma tee' yide' 

His bowstring made the noise. • Cow moose two he killed. His father-in-law 

over there 

me' tc'I yii wa nes da e \ e i ka e ma ji et sun € e yjfi ka na- 

his wife had been sitting to his son-in-law meat for it went back, 

10 des ya me tee dju* cac zexai'lg e yi djo' atsun 6 e' me tee 

his father-in-law. Too bear he killed. That too meat his father-in-law 

yin ka des ya lg € j di di ^a des £ atc 

for it started back. They met. 

12 70 djg ts'e des del e 7on 6 da ne e e' tc'a gun ne le e et du 

Well they traveled. Because people had left them not 

dim ne' k'e 7ai des e atc etsun won jo t'adji' ga7iitda € e' 

after people they two went. Meat good with they lived. 

14 € et du e g xe dun ne k'e gwa kwe e 7Lit des € atc du ye € won 
Not soon after the people now they two went. Cache to 

na 7a gint del lg € et di djo ut 6 e et ts'un ne du e e u* a 7a 

they came. There too just meat was gone. And those 

16 dunne' et ts'un a 7ai e \ e a wgn e dunne'' et du 7a 7un nl tciit 

people meat they had taken but people not they gave to. 

diiyet'a et sun € sul la e e 7gn e 71 ye £ 7a des da 6 ai yi I'o I 

In the cache meat lay but they ate it up. After that 

18 wo t'e ya 7a dit but 

very they were starving. 

na dll k'a djo' e yi yi dai 7a des da € e' won 6 € e du lj 7a- 

Again still those ahead they were moving but nothing they killed. 

20 ze xai e yi € e' k'a la' zon t'a na gun nes kj 
Then nearly they died. 



376 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 



A Man, Frightened by his Wife, Kills Swimming Caribou. 
in la t'i dunne dju* wo ditc e lj me dji no de e otc di' 

One man too his story it is. Caribou crossing place 

2 7ais ke me tc'i u % yu do k'e ut dii 7a 7ut da e yon a 7m t'e 

two were sitting, his wife too. There was famine. Not they could live it was. 

be dji ne du we e jl e i he 6 in t'i zg but dji on ke t'i na de € el 

Caribou were not. Then suddenly caribou two were swimming across. 

4 a la € ye dl seto' eyi e e* eke a 7m la ye tc'i 6 desk! et dii 

Canoe there was. Then it float (?) he made. To it he started to paddle. 

Not 

lat dai e t'e yg' nai kj et dii ye ze' xai yu tc'i na des kj 

it was long to them he came. Not he killed them. Toward this way he pad- 
dled back. 

6 da ke tee li hwii a t'i gn t'e ku di mevtci ii % wo te de but' 

"Why has he left them he did is it?" she thought, his wife. Very she was - 

hungry. 

eyi 6 e' € a di djo xwa, e a na 7a kil da t'i a t'i t'a ni ts'it e yg 

Then she said (?) "Here close he is paddling back. What is it? 

We should die 

8 awont'e € i 6 j gwa e et dii 7itdaeyon a won t'e ku di e ayi 

it was happening. Now not we can live it is," she thought, that 

te'e ge e 

woman. 
10 djg ya7a be dji ta di tee tc'4 € na7aol djo xwa € a na- 

There over there caribou in the middle of the lake were swimming. Here 

close he was paddling. 

7a kit ye tc'j € e i k'e ni £ et' ye ne djit ye tc'o ta na ts'i des kj 

Toward him she spread her legs. He was scared. From her he paddled back. 

12 li do ye te'e le me dji e j e j 7am wg be tc'j € ta ce tc'i a yi e e 

Really he left her. Caribou he killed. To her they were being blown ashore. 

Then 

ta se € el ai ye kj € 7a da te'e ge ne dii e e yi da zo ta tgn- 

they floated ashore. That food (?) woman. Was gone that man. Far, 

14 t'e djii i e e di silt da nat dii e dazo gwa € e o ce de tj e e on t'e 

there she sat he was not man. Then ' ' ' He threw me away it is ' 

nii dii ku di € a won e da ne et dii e da di won lj e yi £ e' 

I think," she thought. But people not knew it was. Then 

16 e dii a 7ac da 7a won lj ku di a yi te'e ge *in t'i zo yo' 

"Not I will live it is," she thought, that woman. Suddenly to her 

nd wa dja e 

he came back. 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 377 



An Entire Band is Killed by the Cree. 
dun ne ya dl but' u K ts'a del hi ge til tc'j € tc'a yus xa- 

People were starving. And they were traveling. Fish water toward, they - 

ran, "Tomorrow 

l'e dji won tc'e e dudel tc'et di xa ka do wq tc'e des del 

there will come," he said. Evening there they came. 

mjgek'e tc'e dm del € e dl de cin ne e a't'ielQ ta jq nl tc'in- 

Lake they came down to. There Cree were. Clear place they came. 

ni del ts'a. € i ut da ne dju dun ne 7a € i € e du e a' tc'e de € e' y<? 

They saw them. They themselves too people they saw. Nob they could do - 

anything 

a wo dja 6 tj la 7m jq de cin ne na \q e yi e e' dun ne da'- 

it was. They began to kill each other. Cree were mmy. Bacause psople 

were stronger than 

na 7ut tcut dun ne 7a 7m jq ut dun ne et du In ta t'1 ts'es- 

people they killed them. Themselves not one they killed. 

zesxai ai yi e e' tc'e gu gu k'e desdel e yi dj(T 7a 7m 7^ 

Then women after them came. Those too they killed, 

decinne' ts'ut do yu ai t'e lj do' ma \q a 70 7m dla 

Cree. Children too, all. Completely its end they made. 



A Cree, Caught alone, is Killed by the Beaver. 
be djT dl ge k'ai na tc'ut de mil € e' ec ke go mil gu e t'e 

Caribou country they were living, with snares. Young men snarr early 

10 na t'itc e le xatl'Ido/ ec kV gu dj e t'e xo dji ni /ades de 

they used to visit. In th3 mDrnin^ yonn? man four after them ti:' went. 

du ye zo l , H gi dunne e e' tciis te € e' nl ya lg dl de cin ne 

This way only one man with snowshoes he had passed. ' ' This Cree 

12 a t'l e cj zowaill 7ut dl gi'k'e na des del gu kwa, wq tc'j € 

it must be. We will kill him," they said. After him they started. Their cam p 

towa rd 

a t'j mi ge ke dl ya yit dai 7a yal gi tc'i e w5 de sut y'\ yi tcut 

it was. Lake he came to. Ahead of them he was walking. After him 

they rushed. They caught hold of him. 

14 ye ka din ya e € a ne t'i y\ ye dl e xai wq ne ditc 7I ye d 

"After what did you come are you?" they asked. "Tell us the news," they said 

7gn dun ne 7a 79 da 1 won li la 71 ye dl dun ne 71 won l 

" Somewhere people you have killed has it been?" they asked. "People 

I have killed 

1 Recorded 71 kw5n. 



378 Anthropological Payers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

a won* et du dun ne et'i me 1 tc'e le hi e yl jo 71 wo' e yi 

but not people like. Bad people those only I killed." Those 

2 eckegii me'nadjinne do le lo e yi a' di 71 ya ka ni get 

young men their relatives they were, those he meant. They stabbed him - 

through. 

te 71 ye ni t\ gwa € 71 ze xai e yi ec ke gu gi e t'i ai ye € j 

They put him in the water. Then they killed him. Those young men it was 

they did it. 

A Man Scares off the Cree with a Gun. 
4 na tc'e dV li gi dun ne dac t'e dun ne da us t'e e le kes t'e 

They were living. One man, "Something is the matter with me." Man, 

"Something is going to happen I feel this way." 

won djo xa7ada ( et di kola xa 1'e djl € de cin ne gu tc'i € 

" Well watch," he said, old man. The next day Cree to them 

6 w5 de sut e yi kola ti so € e la t'l a e j e t'g di e t'e zo' 

they attacked. That old man gun one he had. Bullets four only 

a' e l a yi xais 1'a be kwa/ won lj 1 € e di wo tc'j € wa sel 

he had. That last his camp was. There to it they would rush, 

8 de cin ne deteso te e* yu t'fik' 7a ni wo ni o xa tse £ 7a l'e li 

Cree, with his gun he would shoot he planned. First was running 

ze' xai kola gu ml di he 6 yi di e ta na wo des sut' de cin ne 
he killed, old man; their chief. Over there they ran off , Cree. 

10 teso' % e [ lo kil di eyi 6 e l ni ye djit eyi 6 e\ a t'i ai yi 

"Gun he had," they thought. Then they were afraid. Then it was that 

ko la en da de dla but tsun € € e* xa 7ut da e tc'e di 

old man was hard his flesh because he lived through (the winter) they say. 

12 dun ne 7an jq e yi e e' te so* tc'et da 7an tcut 1q e yi 

People had been killed. Then gun they left. That 

yin to* e t'o dj e t'i buk ka sel la lo e yi dju ni de la dun ne- 

he found. Bullets four beside it were lying. Those too he took up. 

People for 

14 7a ya 7ut da et du won lj« ye ii t'u' e yi ga hwe e diinne 

he kept them. Not it was he shot. That then man 

ye he € ze' xai xo t'i da 7a ya jut da € j 6 j gwa* 

with it he killed, it was. For that he had kept it, then. 



The Beaver, their Arrows Having Been Used on Buffalo, are 

Killed by the Cree. 

16 xa k'ai k'e tc'a del ai yi ai t'e tc'a 7m wo xa 7a do de- 

Buffalo after they went. Those all they killed. The day after Cree 

cin ne tc'a € i tc'e ge ya £ j a wg e da zo 70 ne tc'i gi ye di 

they saw. Woman saw them but men, "You are lying," they said to her. 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 379 

eyi e e' ai t'e et'o 7a 7ut des la l xa k'ai wq giiyila' zo 
Then all arrows they had us sd. buffalo on (?). Their hands only 

2 da won lj xo te de cin ne gii tc'j € wo de sut gu tco a 1 7ut t'l 
there were. Very Cree toward they attacked. All right they were. 

aiyi e e' ne lo ne 7a ze xai de cin ne de cin ne la' djai t'e zq' 

Then many they killed, Cree. Cree five only 

4 7aze'xaielo 

they killed. 



A Man and his Wife alone Escape the Cree. 
xa tsl € dun ne ya 7a di but 1q li gi dun ne 71 ye hi e yi 

At first people they were starving. One man they were starving. Those 

6 lu. ge ka tc'a 71s xa 1'e djl € lu ge ka tc'e dii del e a 7tit di ii* 

fish they were running for. "Tomorrow fish for we will go," they said. And 

dun ne mi ge ke di del de cin ne wq na 7m da a yi ai t'e 

people lake they came to. Cree there were living. Those all 

8 7a ge ye wq ai yi dun ne ts'ul la e \ e \ zo 7ut da 

they killed. That man poor only he lived. 

ye die' me tc'I u % ka na des ya k'tillazo' mi ge ke di ya 

From there his wife after he started. Nearly lake he went to. 

10 wo te jo' no wut dja' yii tcit di ya ye et di ye tc'j € ti des ya 

Very to her he caught up. "Come this way," he said to her. To him 

she came up. 

xa wo 7m kifi ye di 7unnestm kon' e di* di e k'l dze ne xe 

They began shovel off a place. There they lay down, fire without four days 

12 7a7intetc ca tc'e ni ya ne'7in e atc yi ts'i mi ge wo tc'j € 

they lay there. Sun it came up they two got up. Over there lake to it 

des ya da z5 ml ge € k'e wo de ne 7ac ai yi dun ne tc'a 7m wq 

he started, man. On the lake was a black spot. That people were killed 

14 e yi e li e du in la t'l 7tlt da dun ne ze e tea ta wo t'l ne 

that it was. Not one was alive, Beaver, Beaver people. 



A Woman Hides Bear Meat from her Starving Husband. 
dun ne e la' xo de t'e tc'a del ya tc'e di but li ge dun ne 

People once were traveling. They were starving. One man 

16 tc'ul la e li et dii 7I ya in tciit ai yi € e' ut dun ne cac in la 

worthless was. Not they fed him. Then he himself bear one 

me tc'I ti % na ye ne e '\ 1q da zo et dii et da ye di yi dai € q non- 
his wife had hid. Man not he knew it. Ahead he came back. 

1 ta 7Ut des la was first recorded. 



380 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

dja me tc'i u a. nedue da dja on t'e ku di y'm ka na des ya 

His wife was not. ' ' What is the matter? ' ' he thought. For her he went back. 

2 yetc'j 6 xwa naYiitdal de cin ne dju' nu lj e'nazut u ze- 

Toward her close he came. Cree too he suspected. He stood there. 

He listened. 

ts'6 gu zo mes ke ge a k'a et di e zi u da won t'e a 71k di 

All at once his children "Fat," were saying, those. "Why do they say that? 

4 tc'et do ku di da zo' non dja cac k'a jo e da t'l o nl ya ke t'l 

children," he thought, man. He came back. Bear fat only was in sight. 

He was frightened. 

nayene € jlg eyi 6 e' et du to t'e do € a* ne dja d{ won \\ 

She was hiding it. "Then not far you did it it is; 

6 won djo na na wo e j dun ne ka 7a a wo lj cac 7a guk duk 

well you hide it." By the people even bear they eat up 

e da tc'et di e du lu ge ze' xai e yl e' mes ke ge dg k'e t'ai- 

they know it. Not fish he killed. Then children famine they would die 

8 keeyg a' dg t'e eyl e e' cac na ne e [ et du ma tcin tcut 

it appeared. Then bear she hid. Not they were feeding 

e yi da zo 

that man. 

10 e yi 6 e' tc'e ge a t'j lu ge na lo di nl tee nl da et du a dji 

Then woman it was fish many places they moved the camp. Not before 

lu ge ze' xai € j £ j ga hwe € lu ge a hwo a dja € xon djo dun ne 

fish they had killed, suddenly fish they killed in numbers, it became. Well 

people 
12 e e* 7utda gwa € et du lj g t'e u gut din lut' ni7a7unnida £ 

with he lived. Now nothing it was. 1 The snow melted they lived through. 



Starving Beaver Visit the Rocky Mountains. 
tcatc'idunne na lg ne 6 € in la' 7a dls da' yas k'e € awodja e 

Beaver Indians many together they were travelling. Winter became. 

14 yas da ta. £ a dja e bes na du e tsint djii na du we tis e o l 

Snow deep became. Knife was not. Axe too was not. Gun 

dju na du we gwa 6 € a* a' da tc'al le € tsi'ixe € tca £ wo € *e' 

too was not. Then snowshoes they made with stones with beaver teeth 

16 wa yu in da dla a wo dja e don k'e 6 dun ne € e ayinla 6 gwa 

too. Hard it became. Starvation people befell. Then 

dun ne don k'e t'ais ke* ta tc'e 1 de zu jg l ya 7I da € a dja € 

people starvation they began to die. Three men only were alive it was. 

18 gwa dun ne ka na yut dus del 7a dtil gwa *in da dla ex- 

Then people for they went. They traveled along. Then it was hard. 

Porcupine 

1 Nothing was the matter. 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 381 

tcicye' Yazexxai ai ye km € 7un nes tetc gu son € Ij ge € 

they killed, that food they slept. Really one 

2 xo nat ye dun ne € a yat tc'in tc'e/ gwa xa I'l e tee gwa tee/ 

dreamed people they were staying. Then the next day thither 

ka Yiit yes date tsl yis ye € k'e kj e Yin det I 6 e dje € € In da dla € 

for they started. Rocky Mountains they climbed. There it was hard. 

4 djin e 7a det € m tcin jg l l kwon e wo t'a tc'j € gwa dun ne ga 

They were traveling suddenly fire was seen. Then to people 

niYunnidel aiye'ne dun ne € a ts'un nalg 1 aYa € i aiye'- 

they arrived. Those people meat much they had. With that 

6 t'a tc'j € ya y* da ine ( ta te'e* dimne' aiye € e* € at t'g le' 

they lived, those three men. Then summer 

€ a dja e dji € tu" di ye e gu di ge dj§ € na' Yin del 

became this way to their country they came back. 



The Escape of the Brothers from the Beaver Lodge. 
8 es ke gu ofi ke di lg da y& ekiyu € e' kuYaYin^tc tca e 

Young men two brothers under a beaver lodge went in beaver 

ii y& set ts'o ka gu di ge xw^, dan ne de cin ne je Yin YQ Iq 

for they were listening. Above them near Beaver Cree killed. 

10 et du. etdawowutdl es ke gu da cin ne ye dr ka won kg 

Not they knew it, young men. Cree there the hole 

ye di wa tc'i 6 dun na y& € [ kwon e da ts'i da ctit tsl nut lg 

through that they saw the men. Fire limbs dry many 

12 a yl yin la € ye di e ki* yu e e kii ke ye gin la e gi ye ko dun nl- 

they fixed. There lodge under they put them in. They set it afire. 

tsi € dun ne kwe. € a t'j ma n da wo de ta lut e e l et du e- 

Men were inside. For them it was hard. Smoke with not they could breathe 

14 djltcejo a dja e t'a y& ne ts'It I y& niwonts'ut' eyi € e € et du 

it became. They were about to die it was. Then not 

aYutdlyeheyo gu ya Vwondja 6 te gun ne € atc yi tse us- 

they could do anything for them it became. They two went in the water. 

Down stream ice 

16 tunne wote won tea naget utdawutdl wo tc'i e tegunni € atc 

very large was cut they knew. Thither they went under the water. 

da ce wo te e ma da ya, xain ya at du € xtit e a t'j nu d\[ ma- 

By chance (?) the older brother came out. Not without reason he did it 

I presume. The younger brother 

18 tci die me k'e ce ke da a won de ye di r ye ke da a dja e yin ka 

after him, -"Behind me you will be," he said. Behind him it was. For him 
1 Usually in t'i zo. 



382 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

te det ditc ye ke € I tcut k'ul la wo tes de ja xa 7a 7m e atc 

he was feeling in the water. His foot he caught. Nearly he went by. They two - 

came out. 

2 tsin 7a 7ut de € atc € u ya 71 gu na t'un ne 6 ai t'e na cet ciil 

They got away. Then on them their clothes all were wet 

€ a yi gu ye as tun e cj a won* 7a 7ut da 
those with them froze but they lived. 

4 de ci ne tc'a dun ne te won sun ne k'e wo 7m letc yi do € 

On account of the Cree people were miserable they were. White people 

ne du et do utdulj'e' a 7tit de e yi e e' k'es la djj € de ci ne 

when they were not with nothing they worked. Then revenge Cree 

6 guyawQguzon € 7m le' tc'et di fit t'a ze ts'on 6 do' ul le 

always killed them they were they say. When there were leather breech clothes 

it was 

a'yT 

this. 

The Killing of the Children Avenged. 1 
8 xa k'i ge xa des del gu tc'I u a, gu k'e 7ut del in la t'j 

Buffalo they started for. Their wives after them were moving camp. One 

tc'i u a dun ne ta 7ut da e yi a xat tc'i € 7tlt del in tc'i dii da 

woman among the people was living. That one "After us they are coming, 

Winds-crossing-each-other, 

10 nul li da' din ditc ai xe 

when you were you used to say. Yes." 

-gul'oidjP 7U on na € tin des ya ton t'i a e dii dje a tun ne 

After them side by side he turned off. Far from there road 

12 a wo di dla at du nut te ye kal e wii da t'j u l wo te yi da tc'I 

he made for himself. Not he slept. It was daylight. One could see. Then very 

from over there 

7ut daii dut ye e til 7iit des do 7ut di ye he € a tai tc'it du e a ci 

they were coming young buffaloes. Water they drank up. Because they were - 

saying, all children, 

14 anna tl a dii 1 di € el € a an ne kw? et di I ye he e atcunehe* 

"Mother, father here mothers camp," he said. Now strangers 

dim ne ml tc'e le a tai tc'it dii ya 7m wu. I ye he e yi de ye- 

people bad all children they have killed. Then upper (?) road 

16 tunne l'a 2 aite meske7a € yawasil 7a l\ ya in sut le ci tc'e- 

all their children ran with him. Really they ran with him. They started. 

des del e cil ma da go € ne e a' ni yin tj 7a 
For them a hole was there he put them in. 



1 Told by Ike, but repeated by Louiscon, his son-in-law. The text is defective due in 
part to the difficulties in recording. 

2 This probably should have been, a wo de dla, as was suggested by an interpreter. 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 383 

utc'j e de l'a tc'i gu € a yi dai de l'a xa k'i ga 7m wq gii- 

From there she ran old woman. Ahead she ran. Buffalo they killed 

to them 

2 yu na l'a yat ye na xus ke ge e he le tc'e nas dltc xut ye e ke 

she ran. "Come our children (?) " Just moccasins 

e di tu ni na wos suts ya 1 tcl mus ke ge tas 7m wq in la t'l 

without on the snow they rushed. They were crying. Their children were all - 

killed. One 

4 es ke mut tcu e. I la te ai ye at du kj din a ko le gu ya 1- 

boy her son one that one not he cared. Old people all cried. 

tc'i a ci tca € 
6 xut 1'e dji 6 a xat dje e wa ll xe ci e di at du. kj di e a ye- 

" Tomorrow you will do as you please," he said. Not he cared. From his- 

mouth (?) 

son wo tc'j € a tc'it di e di ut da £ a wo tc'i 6 k'ul la na wo dinka/ 

he pulled out (?). He knew about it. Nearly it was daylight 

8 xain wq € q ye k'e da 7m tctit 1 ye he 6 7a dil djin 6 ait xai 

he pulled out. After it he was dragging it because he ran. All 

don guc Tu gi get des del ye de 7ut del dji a tai ya in ki dun- 
having cramps they went. Ahead they went all lay on the ground. People 

10 ne 7iitdll (gi k'e des del giyunaidel) 7adilede at xai yaitce* 

after them went. They came to them. As they were coming along all were cry- 
ing. 

at hai gu yes ke go 7m wq a ci ne gi tcu 7a 6 gi ye gut t'as 

All their children were killed. Some of them their ears they cut off. 

12 nai di wo de ka yai 7ai dai di gi ye tc'e le nai di wut de ka t'o- 

They let them suffer still living, they left them "Let them suffer," 

ke le ku 7k di ye on djo at de gi di dla € 

the^ r thought. Good he had revenge. 



The Killing of the Women Avenged. 
14 xa k'ai ka tc'e des del tc'e gu zq de ts'i de cin ne e yo nai- 

For buffalo they started. Women only were sitting. Cree came there. 

del ya 7m wo da zo ne du. we in la tc'i tc'i yii a da zii t'a- 

They killed them. Men were none. One old woman men came to. 

16 seya e e* yida7ai et da wo l tc'it di da zo tc'e gii ka na des del 

Because of her they knew it. Men to the women started back. 

de cin ne ne du e me k'e 7m won ka na des del ye t'a se del 

Cree were gone. After them, for them they started. Near them they came. 

18 tea ta wo fine e a yi ai t'e ye7inwQ € e' du e [ la t'l 7ut da 
Beaver those all they killed. Not one lived. 

7U tc'i yo 7m won ka € a ye e j l 

Their wives on account of they did it. 



384 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 



A Man Finds Beaver in Small Places. 

dun ne li ge tea 6 70 ni ya lln 6 xut ye de tea suz ze xai- 
Man one beaver he went to. "Just small place beaver I will be able to - 

kill 

2 yon on t'e ku dl on des ya tea son ti a k'a muk k'e na din da 

it is," he thought. He went back. "Beaver rat after go. 

muk ga ni na won € i le ye di' ye k'e ne ga ylt da tea 6 tin 

With him we will hide," he said. "After him he is watching us. Beaver just 

4 xut te de na dl e lo mi a wot dai e dl 70 tc'j 6 yut des del 

small place they will be living. We will eat it all up," he said. Thither 

they started. 

gi ye dl din del te k'ai 6 ye tee don I 6 e di k'a djii non dja tea 6 

They started after them muskrats. Ahead of them there again he came back. 

"Beaver 

6 xut te di di e ts'i e mi wot dai 6 ' yet dl on ut da 7ai a wo die 

small place they were sitting. We will eat up all," he said. "Now his hole 

we will make. 

mado e e' yii e a da 7a a wat le ku we win si yl dl ge tgn te zl 6 

His food under hole (?) made we will go in. Up there far 

8 l'a djin ni 6 atc 1 € e dl min ka tsin na ta 7a tin ne du we dun ne 

they came to the end. There, for him they looked. Then he was not. Man 

li gi t'a 1'e he e zis t'ain ya yet da7 7a won ka na ta ga xot- 

one mink skin he went in for him where he looked for him only then he - 

found him. 

10 da won 6 o ye k'e des ya l'a dji 6 di e tsl 6 da tcin xain tsi 

After him he went behind they were sitting (?) trees they pushed out. 

k'a djii xon de ca 

Again he went home. 

12 7a Ijn 6 don k'a 6 dun ne 7a in da dla dut tcin ifi ka na ta 

Then starvation people was hard. "Wood look for," 

e dl minka tc'un na ta dut tcin sin tg 6 I € e dl min ka ye- 

he said. For it they looked. Stick they found. There for it they looked. 

14 ts'it dl 6 i 6 go tc'j 6 dl e tsV ai te suz ze xai dun ne Inedi7e- 

There they sat. All they killed. People were pleased. 

won le 

Putting the Enemy to Sleep by Magic. 
16 dtin ne ti on ke t'l dun ne ka ga des 6 atc ut tun ne 7a 6 ac 

Men two people they two went after. Road they went along. 

wo te dun ne ne 1q wg na 7a 7m 6 ac e yl de ts'I et du gu- 

Very people many they came to. Those sitting not they saw them. 

18 ye 6 j Siyut dunne zg* dunne 7a 6 j 6 6 ink'ai me te'e ne- 

These people only people they saw. "Nevermind, let us go from them," 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 385 

wo die he yet dl ma da 7a xo 7a ni t'atc in k'ai u' wii t'u hi 

he said, his older brother. They turned back. "Never mind, let us shoot them," 

2 ye di me tc'el ll lin dun ne ne Ig et de 7a de wo yec e cl yet di 
he said his younger brother. "Too people many; we will get caught," he said 

ma da 7a € in k'ai u wo t'u. he ye di me tc'el ll k'a djii gi tc'I € 

his older brother. "Nevermind, let us shoot them," he said his younger brother. 

Again to them 

4 te so et da 711 1 di tic a wgn e ma da 7a yu la' l|n e dun ne 

gun he pointed, but his older brother, "Let them go. Too people 

na lg et de ga da wo yet e cl yet di ma da 7a ne ne djit e de € xo- 

many; we will get caught," he said, his older brother. "If you are afraid, 

turn back," 

6 ne da' yet di yi de na 7ut des t'atc 

he said. Back they started. 

nuc € a' hi ye di gi ye he € dun ne ka cu. 7a det di di ge 

"I will fool them," he said. Weapons people they were hunting after 

ground 

8 ni 7a ni la gi tc'i e dec e atc ai yi de ts'I ton t'e djl € wo dun ne 

they put down. To them they went. Those sitting distant people 

e ll dun ne 7a € j e t'e ye ka a ca ga gu ye di et du. cii tea k'e 

they were. People saw them immediately, "For what are you looking? " 

they asked. ' ' Not foolish things 

10 1 tac e e a' si t'l 711 1 di yo xo' ca ge wo t'l ts'a del I e e di 

we do we are," they said. "Over there river very (many) they are traveling. 

There 

wo tc'l € a xa tc'et dtil ll e eyl € e' k'e ts'I I e ac e e' a' si t'l 7ut di 

to it they were scolding us because we are walking around we are," they said. 

12 wo tc'j € e xai ec ke gu di en t'e ne e xai na 7a du de ll 7tlt di 

"Thither with us young men four with us we will go," he said. 

won na 7a des del ca ge wo tl ke na 7a di del sa l'g I e di 

There they started. River very (large) they came down. After sunset 

there 

14 na 7a nes tetc sun 6 a' 71 yi le' tc'ain t'e 6 e' ni 7I nes tatc in la- 

they went to bed. In vain he tried them, medicine with. They lay down. One 

t'l wo t'e tc'a din t'e e nu dlj e on t'e et dii gn xai tc'j 6 gwa- 

very (strong) medicine-man I think it is. Not soon suddenly 

16 hwe e nes tin a 7I yin la € tc'ain t'e € e' ai t'e on ye di gwa 

he slept, he caused with medicine, everyone. "Now," he said. Then 

gu ye 7an wo bee 6 e a 7I ye € j 

they killed them. With knife they did it. 



386 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 



A Blind Man's Attempt at Defence. 
in la wo de t'e dju* tc'e des bak tc'a dail € j € j dun ne won 

Once too they went to war. They had been traveling, to people 

2 na tc'e 7m del mifi ka € a' tc'et t'j 1 e lj e yi *e* dun ne* na'- 

they came. For them they were looking they were. Then people after they - 

knew 

yic Yq e' wo lj £ e' muk ka ku tc'e 7m del kola ye £ ka da- 

they were there to them they went in. Old man, ' ' Where are you going 

4 del £ e' a t'j et di xa t'e ke 1 daitc £ e' at si t'l gu ye 7ut di 

is it?" he said. "Just we are traveling we are," they said to him. 

a won 6 a yi ko la' xut t'e a 1 tc'et di ku di e yi € e' me'- 

But that old man, "Just they say it," he thought. Then to his boy, 

6 tc'et do tc'I 6 kwon 6 e yi nl del e ci mec ke ge wo lj la 6 et di 

"Is it those they came their children are?" he said. 

but tee' tc'i € in du e et di e yi tc'et do ga xa won t'e ci 

To his grandfather, "No," he said, the boy. Now " That way it is, 

8 kiis di 1 k'e tc'et dec da' tc'et do wo lj e le et du xa t'e a te'et- 

I thought. If they are traveling children would be. Not just they are," 

t'l e ci et di e yi ko la e yi e e K ya 7a ku 7am del e I ne e ca* 

he said, the old man. Then beside him those who had come in, "Grand- 
father, 

10 da din di e tc'u e a' k'e ne zo € won ne de € a' din di ye7iyetdi 

what did you say? Foreign way only all the time you talk," they said to him. 

xon t'e sut da bic k'e de € ets me dun ne ziis xai li ku- 

This way he sat, on knife he had his foot. "With it people I will kill," 

because he thought 

12 di 1 he £ a ye € i ai yi ko la mut dai ne du e ma 7ai te £ t'a na- 

he did it. That old man his eyes were none. Behind his back he hunted. 

netta et sun € u djo xain € q ye t'e et dun ne jo' ya tset 

Meat good he took out. He roasted it. He himself only ate it. 

14 Undo' sezedzu7 7a wo si tsi ku di € e' a ye € I aiyi € e' et du. 

"Last time for my death I will eat," because he thought he did it. Then not 

dun ne 7a nl tciit 
people he gave to eat. 

16 in t'l zo ma ji* na 7tlt dal kwe na dja tu. e ka ja e 6 j € j 

Suddenly his son-in-law was coming back. He came in. ' ' Water for 

I am thirsty. 

et du tu won lj e nu dlj et di me' tc'I u % tc'j 6 e yi me tca € 

Not water is I think," he said, to his wife. Then his father-in-law, 

18 etdu cindjo' a won t'e tu ye din t'a' ye di u sa e nl di € q 

"Not old you are, water go for," he told him. Pail he took up. 

tu ka des ya 70 tc'i £ £ a' yu me t'o yu dun ne 7a e j € e* 

Water for he went. Over there snowshoes his bow and arrows people be- 
cause he saw 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 387 

7<3n ni yi la lg 70 tc'i 6 ka e a t'i et du a dji dun ne 7a 6 i 6 

he had left. There for he did it. Not before people he saw 

2 e li e he 6 et du xut t'e a tc'et e \ ku. dl 6 e* go tc'i 6 de € a xa € 

because they were, "Not just they are doing it," because he thought there 

his snowshoes 

nilalg ye' ta na de 1'a gi yi % a 7a danedehwu 6 ta na- 

he left with he ran away. They saw him. "My friend, what are you doing? 

You are running away 

4 din Fa a ne t'i 71 ye dl ne 7a 1 de si ts'I 6 i 6 i gu yet dl da l - 

you are," they said to him. "Beside you we were sitting," they 3 aid. 

"What are you doing 

de hwii zo 6 a t'i xa gii ye di gwa 6 du ye na 7tit 1'a do' ni de € j 

coming that way? " they said to him. Now over there he ran; now he dis- 
appeared. 

6 e yi k5 la bee yu ton be ke ga xain € ai xon t'e bee 

The old man knife holding beside his foot sticking out just knife 

ii tgn 1q xa di' he ci gi ye dl de cin ne za 7a me teg ts'ut de 

he was holding. "He will do something," they were saying, Cree language. Be- 
tween them blanket 

8 ge yg ci 7in dl dji' gi tcon se tsiiz dun ni e lj kti du dl gi ye- 

folded between them he put. "A man it is he will think," they said. 

dl € e 7a lg 7tit di lg e yi ts'ut de se got e yi ko la dun ne 

Truth they said. That blanket he stabbed, the old man. Man 

10 ell kiidi € e e a ye £ j e t'e xomitde7us ya e g wa tc'i 6 gi yu- 

it was because he thought he did it; just then they ran out. Over there to it 

they began to shoot. 

t'u 7izexai ut dun ne dju' e t'o e' dim ne ka et dit tcitc 

They killed him. He himself too he shot. People at he was shooting; 

12 but dai neduelhe € et du dunne 1 kai ta' a won 6 a t'i a won 

his eyes because none not people he saw nevertheless 

k'ul la dun ne ze' xai but dai won li e de € et du 7I zii xail 

nearly man he killed. "His eyes if he had had not we would have killed him 

14 enfidllelg* 7I ye di tc'et di 

I think," they said they say. 

gwa 6 ai t'e me tc'i u % tc'a 7am wg e yi da zo r ya'7iit di- 

Then all his wives they killed. That man after they were hunting 

16 tcut i l'g I a gii ye € I e de wo tc'i 6 et du guyo* tc'ec tetc ai yo 

they did it from that time not good they could sleep. 

dunne e7a 6 a' a7iitdja 6 a dji 6 dju* gii ye tc'el le 6 e' a 7-ut t'i 

People they were bothering they were. Before too they were bad they were. 



388 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 



A Battle on an Island. 
dun ne ne Ig des bat l ton t'e djj e k'e tc'et djaitc miii ka 

People many went to war. Far distant they were traveling for them 

2 a tc'et t'i € j 6 j et du tc'e 6 j € ca ge 6 won tea' ke tc'e din del 
they had been looking. Not they saw them. River large they came down to. 

et du dun ne mi ka de si del I et du wo t'j nu dli 7ut di 

Not people for they went. "Not we shall see them I think," they said. 

4 giyika et djin 6 j 6 j et du ton t'e a t'i tuk'eci 6 mekw^ 

For them they sang. ' ' Not far it is. Down stream their camp 

wo li on t'e et du ton t'e di na di e et di kwon tc'et des del 

is located it is. Not far they are living," he said. To them they went. 

6 tc'a 6 j 6 awon € et du mu den ni ( na de e lg du k'e na de 6 e 

They saw them but not it was easy they were camped. On an island 

they were camped. 

but sa cl xa djec dain lj na tea 6 a yi 6 e' et du a tc'el le e yg 

All arqund it there were rapids large. Then not they could do anything 

8 on t'e a dji dun ne e wg dun ne e li e won djo xa Yiit da 

it was. Before people they killed, people they were well they took care of - 

themselves thus. 

e yi 6 e* et du mu den di et du a si die hi e yg on t'e Yiit di 

Because of that not it was easy. "Not we can do anything it is," they said. 

10 xa ka tc'in gi tc'j € et djin a won 6 li gi dunne' ai t'e 

Evening toward them they sang, but one man all 

nes tetc a yin la e e m la t'i dun ne et du 6 a yi li he yon e on t'e 

they slept he made. One man not he could do anything it was. 

12 in da di e dla £ lg eyi e e* li gi cai djo 1 ni nuc date I et di 

He was hard. Then another one, "I too I will try," he said. 

ai yi ye tc'j e et djin ai yi gwa € nes tin ayinla e 

That one toward him he sang. That one now he slept he made. 

14 but tc'j 1 natc'edudeli Yut di a won 6 gu ya indawadedla 6 

"To them we will cross," they said. But for them it was difficult. 

cage 6 tii na tcut eyi 6 e l et du la dai t'e gu tsi zon 6 xa da- 
River water was strong. Then not long their heads only were sticking up 

16 se 6 a a dja 6 gu ye de li he yon aYutdja 6 in la t'i dun ne ca l - 

it became. They were being carried downstream they became. One man 

"Take hold of me, 

tcut et du cadaYuttcit et di 6 e l ai t'e dun ne lu ton dun ne 

not let go of me," when he said all people held each other. People 

18 na dec el xa k'ai k'e tc'I 6 a di e yi 6 e* dunne na se 'el ta ses del 

were swimming across. Like buffalo he was calling. With that people 

got across. They went ashore. 

1 Also, des bak'. 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 389 

e yi dun ne na de hi tc'i 6 7ut des del in t'l zon 7ut dje 6 
Those people toward who lived there they started to go. Suddenly geese 

2 de ts'i lg na gu ye yij wot de' ke dja 11 gi dun ne yii la' 

were sitting they saw them. He was going to call it became, one man, 

"Do not do it," 

yet di et dii wot de 7ut dje' € j 6 I e yi me tc'e 6 wo ' tc'e des sut 

he told him. Not he called, geese that were. Those to them they rushed. 

4 ai t'e gi ye 7m wq dun ne In la t'l ai t'e bee 6 e' ya gu 7m get 

All they killed. Man one all over with a knife he stabbed him 

a won € k'a 7tlt da te 1'a do' nl de 6 I me ze dze 6 et dii tc'i tj 

but still he was alive. When he jumped in the water he disappeared. His body 

not they found 

6 e tc'et di e di en da wot de dla e a won 6 71 ye 7m won et tc'et di 

they say. There it was hard but they killed them all they say. 

e yi dun ne et dii de cin ne e lj tsa € t'ii ii yi dun ne e lj 

Those people not Cree were. Tsat'u called people were. 

8 et dii yi do 1 e 6 i dun ne e lj et tc'et di e yi dun ne 

Not white people they saw, people they were they say those people. 



A v Dog-Rib Kills Some Men. 
I la wo de t'e djo' di e dji' 6 a' na t'e yii ce da 7a da € etdi 

Onetime too, "Where you are there are fox holes." he told him. 

10 lin teg 7a 6 a di dun ne da 7a kwa, a won dla 6 lg ye e di l 

Dog-rib said it. People for camps he was making ready. ' ' There 

dun ne woe xwofi ku di 6 e' a di dun ne' ku e 7m del e t'e 

people I will kill," because he thought he said it. People went in immediately 

12 dunne ii'7utt'ii eyi e e' dtin ne na lg 7a ze' xai a won 6 

people were shooting. Then people many they killed but 

dahunne ye' da nl del natazg' 7a wg me tc'a ta tc'e dell'ai 

some got away, a few. They killed from them they ran away. 

14 ai yi me ts'it le da tun e tc'et di de'einne tea 6 6 a 7ilt t'j 

That his younger brother (?) they say. Cree on account of it wast 

won djo me tea 6 te wo sun ne a da tc'it t'e e lg xa tse yi dg- 

Well on account of them they were miserable they were. First before the time - 

of white people 

16 6 j se dg. lj ka cii tc'et det di hwo k'e ci dunne ka cii det di 

for each other they were hunting. On account of that people for they were - 

hunting. 

dunnezeetzl 6 ka a t'i et tc'et di de cin ne 6 ii' dii dim ne 

Man's life for it it was they say Cree. And now people 

18 na djin ne e t'l i he £ et dii lj a wg t'e dii 

their friends they are because nothing happens now. 
1 *e di, "there," probably. 



390 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 



The Killing the Trader at Fort St. John. — First Version, 
yi d<? I e yl ec kai ye' € a' a wo ye nac twa, ta des ya lg 

White man that young man he gave orders but without his knowledge 

he went back. 

2 eyl € e' me djl xa tsut me de hi yu € e- ze' xai edawo'wutdl' 

Then he was angry, the boss. With medicine he killed him. They knew about - 

it. 

eyl € e' gu ye ka na des del me dl he' 7aze'xai meeckegu 

Then to him they went. Boss they killed. His young men 

4 tcutc ka de ello. e yl da7a € e' 7ut de ts'I na7a*ol yi 6.Q I 

wood for they went with a boat. Those for them they were sitting. They - 

came back. White men 

to gwa e el wo te e 71 yl t'o ai t'e 71 ye 7am wq a la £ 7a 7ut da 

came to the shore. Very they shot them. All they killed. Canoe he cares for 

6 tel'a taworit'edjl xain ya wltc'j 6 gu. yi ne t'ok' 7I ze' xai 

jumped in the water. Far out he came up. Toward him they shot. They killed - 

him. 

e yi na t'un ne ni 7a din la e yl 6 e' ne 15 yac k'e he 6 ya7a 7it- 

The goods they took. Then many winters with it they lived. 

8 da eyi ne du e a 71 y in la 6 wo tc'I tac € e' zo ya 7a 7it da 

That was none they made. After that with arrows only they lived. 

e de wo tc'i 6 de tcet t'a djl 6 zo/ a^ait'i et du in la t'e 

From that time in woods only they were. Not one 

10 yi do I kwa. wo wa € \ ne 7at djit I he € gwot do wo tc'j € et du 

white man house they saw, because they were afraid. From that time not 

eletce 6 ^' ya7ai7itda \\ tuc € e' z5* le 7a ne' yo tc'et di 

with powder they lived. Just with arrows only they increased they say. 



The Killing of the Trader at Fort St. John. — Second Version. 1 
12 gut kwe. 2 xa ts'I 6 e' eg nit do 6 e a ta xa te'e I kwe. € a wo dla e 

Pine house at first I believe white man trading house built. 

u ml di a ta xa te'e € i 7a k'a was sut di co e ' dun ne tsa tc'I 

Then the boss, store was in charge I believe people Beaver 

14 gi ze' xai ml ac kl gii in tc'it din di glze'xai 6 a tai £ I wa te'e' 

killed. His young men eight they killed, all. After that 

nit do we kl gut tc'I I le ai ye kwe/ dun ne tea' tc'i ie 7&- 

white people they left. That house people Beaver (?) they feared. 



1 Told by John Bourassa. 

2 In other places recorded as 711 1 kwQ. 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 391 

ni djit g dies wa tc'e € nit do we. at du gwa tcj € wo ga € j 

Long time after that white people not there they saw the place. 

2 ga tcu e a xa dja zii xel ku 7a de ai ye e e" wa l'g ga tcu kwa. 

Again they will kill us they thought. Then after that again house 

€ a7inla gwut dg' wa tc'e e gwa tee € a 7a t'j du ti ne wa tc'i £ ' 

they built. Since that time over there they are until the present. 



Childbirth Customs. 1 
4 tc'igii ma tcwe/ niya7a onle'da' k'ima'dje 6 te'e dje e 

Woman her child will be born when it will be at one side out of doors 

wes gon k'e ma tcwe. ni ya wa die k'ats wa yii wa di a za le 

by a fire her child is born. Cold weather too, warm weather 

6 wa yii kV le wgn t'i e a wg t'ie de 

too just the same it is. 

7a tc'it do ni le' i la di sa k'e tl da na di e e at dii kwo 

The child is born one month alone she stays. Not camp 

8 kwe ya € at dii in k'e lii k'e tce € 7ai yal 

she goes in. Not on the winter trail she goes. 

tii k'a je ju. 7aiyal at da at tun ne a wo die' € at dii 

By the trail only she walks. For herself trail she makes. Not 

10 de zii tun ne a k'i ut tuc dai ya xat da tsi € e at dii yet tsits 

man trail on she crosses. Moose head not she eats. 

€ aiyi € e' £ i la ti e sal'g e dje e gwa kwe e da kwe € kwi ya 

Then one after month then her own tipi she goes in. 



A Description of Primitive Life. 

12 ye di' 5* tc'i te wo' sa' ya € ts'e wa' gin da' yi do' e e du 

Since then pitiful way they were living. White people not 

k'a e da te'e yi dg te wo' sane ya te'e 7a 7m da mil e e' ja te'e- 

yet -when they knew pitiful way they were living. With snares they were liv- 
ing, 

14 7i da 7W0 dg' de yi € e' dun ne' ya 7it da e e' t'o € e' zg' ja 7a 6 - 

then. With these people were living. With arrows only they were living, 

7m da € gwot dg utdiye f tsa 7a wo' te te wo' sun ne € a' da- 
then. Horn beaver teeth very pitifully they were working. 

16 te'e t'j 6 e eyi £ e' e du tsa tc'o ne et du e lj 6 e'diye xa da- 
Then not iron not was. Chisel moose horn 

1 Told by John Bourassa. 



392 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

di ye € € e' ji et € a' da e a' da tc'e le € 6 e' yi tc'a me 6 e e' 

that they were using they made. That beaver with it 

2 tee* tc'u daitc o'ka € a' da tc'e le € € e' es tan ne ju € e' me* 

they chiseled for. For it they were making. Ice under with 

mifi k'a tce € n de ta ka € a tc'e € in me e kakehi a yl me' a ts'e- 

for them they look, for they could see shovel for that they made. 

4 le e hl € e' yl 6 e € e a ts'e e j tea 70* € e yi £ e e atc'ele' tea tcon ne € 

Then they had it, beaver teeth, then they made it iron 

ne dii e dg 6 wg lj dg € e' dj di ge 6 a ( wo dlj xa wo t'i e e ( a xai di 

then it was none, when it was. There world who made it this way he told us. 

6 e y I e e' € a' si t'e lg 

Then we were so. 

ts'edikwoi tse' le tc'e le 1'ok' wo' djo tc'e ylc € e' yi € e 

For making fire stones they rub together, hay well rubbed up with that 

8 kwon dedlk'a/ e e' ji € e ya tc'e 7a 7m da kwa € a' wo' tc'e dl- 

fire they kindle, with that they lived. House they made. 

die. da ni 1 la e e e' des tcutc e a* da tc'e le € bee da tc'e t'i' 1 tse 

With people's hands dry wood they made. Knife they were using stones 

10 xat da ts'e coc € e' yi e e' e e tsun 6 e e tc'e da tc'et di xwg' t'e 

rubbed sharp with that meat they ate, they say. That way 

6 e' yi € e' dg € e' da ne ti sun ne da' ne ze tc'in xwa ya tc'e gl da 

then with hunger people were pitiful. Close to dead people they were living 

12 71 le e danebutt'a € e' tsun n de dii e € e' yi € e' dj5 ul 

they were. In people's stomachs meat was none then here fir brush 

da tc'e la' danebutt'a et du lj 7olj'ihe' dun ne 7a di tc'a 

they put; in people's stomachs nothing because there was. People could bend 

14 xo t'e zg € wo djg tc'et djitc € eji € e'- € a' tc'e € j xa tse' mil € e' 

thus only well they breathed. Then they did that. First time with snares 

ya tc'e 71 da dg € de' tc'in k'e ts'e tsis e e' mj ka dawolj € a k'e e- 

when they were living trees . they put in a row passage was there along there 

16 xe e gu le e xa da de gwot I dlutc e eyl e e' dju y a tc'e 7a 7m da 

there was. Moose passed through were snared. With that too they lived. 

70 tel ka tci ne 6 dii e e he 6 e a tc'et t'i ul da ts'i € a tc'e le* 

Comb was none because they used fir brush they made. 

18 da ne tsi € me' € a' tc'e le' 7aw5tsi e 7a e ka tci € e yi ul da ts'e 

People's heads, they used, head hair comb that fir brush 

e e yi € e' da, ne tsi 7a 4 € a tc'e le 

with that people's head hair they fixed. 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 393 

Hunting Experiences. — Dunvegan Dialect. 
I 

de zut dje ne a duz ze a djun li ke wo wus I a lin \q* 

I was hunting day all none track I saw. At last 

2 xa k'a tsi se a wa da djii gwa ye Yut e wa da tcin go de ya go 
sunset it was approaching pines far to I started. There 

was tc'I ka a tin 1q' se € wozun a wo da* djii xago'ta de ya 
I followed the track. At last dusk was approaching bluff I went 

4 gwa a ye da xut da ke wo was € j ko no dje ne da na ke 

then there moose track I saw. I wish daytime your track 

wo was £ j kos djr on tee na tc'I Ijlo' 
I saw I thought. Strong wind was. 

6 muk k'e de ya dl Yiit ma yus yal xa ya de muk k'as ta 

After it I started. Those pines I would go behind ahead I looked. 

xut da Yut djl 6 nl e a e I mut tqn € e gus dal xalinlo' muk ga* 
Moose by pine was standing. To it I went. Thus to it 

8 ni ya gwa tee so nl di to gwa tees o mut tc'in xas la a dju 

I came. Now gun I took up. Now gun to it I pointed. Not 

on lj sa' me da tc'I tee e e sut da djl xal'eYe yac djl 

it was to me it appeared. My father told me night-time snow this 

10 tcezolo' nl la k'a hwe € xac e I yu e te'e gwa e a tcu ma djl- 

end of gun I put. Then I looked low now not anything appeared. 

djl k'e dju xas e I k'a dju a dju ma djl yu. e dje £ xas € j 

Up I raised it. Again not it appeared. Down I brought it. 

12 gwa k'u la us djl da a de t'ok cuz zl k'a djii dje djl te 1'a k'a- 

Then I thought right I shot. Beside me this way it ran. Again 

djii wa k'as ta xa k'a I la djl na zut k'a dju da t'o dun nl la 

I looked for it west another place stood. Again I loaded the gun. 

14 muk k'a ya guc € Inl a djii n li sa e wa da djj k'a djii yac € e' 

I was looking again. Nothing to me appeared. Again with snow 

muk k'e mul Id te'e nl la djl k'e dje 6 nl to ye dje r xas £ j 

on it its end I put. Up I put it, up I raised it, 

16 gwa k'u la us djl da 1 k'a djii a de t'ok k'a djii ii djl te 1'a 

where I think is right again I shot. Again same side it ran. 

gwa mtik k'e de ya wut dun ne kac ye 1 on tee wos djl 

Now after it I went. There was something dark What it is I thought. 

18 de gac I nl dl 6 o sa gus to ye on te'e kiic djl kwa sa gac to 

The black I took up. I put it in my mouth. What is it I thought then 

I put it in my mouth. 

suz za € nl € q xa lin lo' dul on te'e gwa xut da ze xai 

In my mouth I put it, finally blood it was. Then moose I killed 



394 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

kuc dji muk k'e de ya yl da 7ut * nl € a yu 6 e wo da gac 
I thought. After it I started. Ahead pine standing under it was dark, 

2 mut ts'it de ya muk ga nl ya dut tcin ni di to me as kis 

I went toward it. To it I came. Stick I took up. I stabbed it 

mut tsl e yu u e xon dje gwa ze xai kuc dji gwa ai ye da 

its head under good. Now I killed it I thought. Now there 



zexai 
I killed it. 



II 



10 



12 



a tun ne a wo si l'e yl de e djut tee 

Road we made. Ahead traps we carried (?). 

e djot tee nl nac € a la ce e yl de dez ya 

Traps I was setting. My brother-in-law ahead started. 



71 Yet nl nl ye he 
cut day 7a yl de 

My older brother 

ahead 

yl de wo ne ts'u. za 



des ya e djot tee nl e g muk k'e de ya 

started. Trap I set. After them I started. Ahead by little creek 

sut da dlo k'e nai ye zuy ye muk ga nl ya ye 70 a din dji 
was sitting. Laughing was killing him (?). To him I came. "Why 

you saying that?" 

e si yl di k'ain ta is t'e € a l im ba yu lek'e na 7I 71 t'ac xon- 
I asked. "Ahead look." Martin weasel too were fighting each other. 

Nevertheless 

te'e 70 im ba na wut' mut ts'ul le wo' ai ye da* si ke muk- 

weasel is smart small although. There we sat. We looked at them. 

k'a nit ta o wo tc'6 he is t'e a ze wo 7ail le k'a dju li k'e na- 

We will fire at them, martin we will kill, again they started to fight. 

7e t'ats la ce € a da din te'e ye dji ta na 7ut de 1'a linlo' 
My brother-in-law, "Fight hard," he said. They ran off . At last 

a djiin dlj zus si 7m 

nothing we killed. 

Ill 



14 



16 



18 



cac tc'i 
ca tee so 

he came. 
My gun 

gwa na zo k'e gwa hwe e 

now I fled. Then 

nac 1'Ic ma tus na duc- 
I ran over it I jumped. 

1'Ic gwa € adinne djii se e \ e in t'a mut tuc dasll'a xatc'elo- 

Then he himself too he did it. Toward each other over we jumped. 

He struck out with his fore-legs, 

da des tc'itc a tc'it do 6 bee me k'a on lj a t'l matco'nlla 
already knife two edged was it was I disemboweled him. 



in la di xa cin la* cun ne ac ke ac lj do' cun ne 
Once it happened to me. I boy when I was I to a bear 

e de la dji djin dje ca k'e k'e sa ze kwa ca ga nl la 

I was after. Behind me after me he was coming. Then beside me 



a dju a de dju on de xul sin la zq* 

not went off I threw it away. My hands only 

ca bl ze € nl di € g gwa nez to yu e 

my knife I took out. Then a leaning tree under 



1916.] Goddard, Beaver Texts. 395 

IV 

in la tc'I ne e ai tee so ai yi € e die jl me da ye tin za' on ke- 
Single barrel gun with that grizzly his den dogs two 

2 te'e yo ya tc'itc xa se te'e so tee so a djii a de tcu. za se o 
were barking. He ran out after them. Gun not would go off. Gun-cap 

xo na zuts ai yi € e won lo dje 6 se de so gwa hwe € a za e se e o 
came off. Then many places he chased me. Then cap 

4 mi lin ni at' go te'e a dje t'ok' mun ne ts'un ne € ll tc'o e' do 

I bit together, then it went off. Its backbone was broken. Then 

da gin le € e me tsl ya 71 tc'o ca ne du we tee so me tee le 
when I loaded (?) its head I smashed. For me was not gun bad. 

6 a da la te'e mut ts'u ni t'ok 

Hard time its back I shot. 



xa I'l do' lin za a he € It da je ya xut da k'e ni ya lin za 

Early morning dogs with I went. Moose I went after. Dogs 

8 yi k'e de de ya yo ya telte in la di na zut lj za na duz yets' 

after it went. They barked after him. One place it stood. Dogs it ran after. 

mut tc'it de ya lin za des so cut tc'it del 1'a ca € a ha 6 k'e 1 1'a 

I went toward it. Dogs it ran after. It ran after me. My snowshoes it stepped - 

on. 

10 tees o nut do I tcut yu. ne t'ok mut dje e na zut sun xwa e he e 

Gun its end I held. I shot it. Its heart I heard beat so close 

yi I ts'iit ta des 1'a ca a ha e me di ets mut tc'a dje € e a' ma- 
it fell. It jumped off. My snowshoe I took off ; its leg snowshoe it was - 

sticking in. 

12 da € q 1 dig we ya 71 dats dec ya ca kwe, na na ja 

After that I skinned it. I went home. My tipi I came back to. 



VI 

sun ne di ne suk k'e 7m le a tai a ci le 7m le xa k'ai 
I this person after me was all my youngest brothers were buffalo 

14 na du we a du we da wa t'l set se do a tai xa k'ai na du we 
none not we knew. Before my time all buffalo were gone. 

dji zil 1 so on li it di a da wos t'l lin tcuk na \q e di sut si do 

Elk all were, those I knew. Horses many here before my time 

16 na 1q go do e sun ne ac li di dut tcin na lo gu do* sun ne 
many at that time I I was. These trees many then I 

as Ij di dat tcin na ts'iit li i zo' on lj di nun go do* a du 
I was. This tree small only it was this earth then not 

18 a da wos t'i 

I knew. 



396 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 



VII 



xut da ze xai ai yl ka kwon de si k'on ac ke gu I le in- 
Moose I killed for that fire we built. Boys we were, six 

tcl ta dji i dus si ts'I e it da In t'l zo xut da a xut ta n5- 

we were sitting. We were eating, suddenly moose among us ran. 

7ut l'a ll t'a din da cit tc'j gwa djon dje da tcin me a dl tc'e zi 

(?) we were sitting. Then here stick for roasting meat 

gwa ya do ne ta 7ut de guz ai yl da tcin nl € a djo' mayin kai 

then across it ran. That stick standing here stuck through him. 

dj5' dje xain € a l k'alazo' yl ze xai ma tc'a ta da si 1'ai ai yl 

Here it stuck out. Nearly I killed it. From it we ran away that one 

dju' zexai 
too I killed. 

VIII 

lin tcok ga si ke yu dji xa k'ai 7ut dail ta da cl l'a da tcin 
Beside a horse we sat. Over there buffalo was coming we ran away. Tree 

I yu e nes tin cun ne gwa dun ne yl k'e 7ut 1'el gwa ye k'e 
under I lay, I. Then man behind it was running. Then behind it 

7u lei djin dje ze xai xa k'l 

he was running, four he killed buffalo. 



IX 

10 cac die je kwe cut da xa yl de so xai 7ait la yu ne t'ok 

Bear, grizzly, in (?) I chased him out. He jumped out. I shot him. 

gl go ne k'e ne tc5 a ye yl tc'I yu ne t'ok ya I ts'ut 

His fore-leg I broke. That I shot down. He fell down. 



Dispersion of the Tribes. — Dunvegan Dialect. 

12 tc'e gii et'6' \\ ta sul luts ai yl dtin ne me t'o yln lj 

Woman, arrows, dog urinated on. That man his arrows they were 

1} ye ta sul luts mut dl us dl he mut tcil le sun ne se t'o k'til- 

dog urinated on. I will clean. His younger brother I, my arrows if you did - 

that to 

14 la lai de € dai sais (da sai wa zi ll) se do e k'ul la lai de € dai sais eg 
how soon (?) me "if you did that how soon 

ya a wgn ts'I dus I mulle e ylll Ilall ayl matcitle mllall 

you would fall over." His dog it is he is there, that his younger - 

brother his dog. 



1916. 



Goddard, Beaver Texts. 



39; 



mes ti e k'e de suk' a yi lin za yii nl t'ok ye ze xai 1 du we tc'I 

Bow he took. That dog he shot. He killed it. After that 

nl gin del la 7a kg e a tai dun ne le ze xai 1 du we tc'j da xun ne 
they got up. They began killing each other. All men killed each other. After - 

that some 

ta de xtis a yi la me ts'uY 7a us 1'u. I la ton te dji de xus 

fled in different directions. Those his hair braided those far fled. 



BEAVER DIALECT. 
By Pliny Earle Goddard. 



399 






CONTENTS. 

Introduction 

Phonetics .... 
Morphology 
Nouns . 

Monosyllabic Nouns 

Nouns with Prefixes 

Parts of the Body including 

sion . 
Terms of Relationship 

Nouns with Suffixes 

Compound Nouns . 

Unanalyzed Nouns 
Pronouns .... 

Personal Pronouns 

Demonstrative Pronouns 

Plural Prefix 

Articles 

Adjective Pronouns 

Interrogative Pronouns and Adverbs 

Indefinite Pronouns 
Numerals 
Adverbs 

Place 

Time 

Manner 

Degree 

Assent and Negation 
Conjunctions 
Postpositions 

Interjections and Exclamations 
Verbs 

Adverbial Prefixes 

Objective Prefixes 

Deictic Prefix 

First Modal Prefixes . 

Second Modal Prefixes 

Subjective Prefixes 

Third Modal Prefixes 

Stems 

Variations in Stems 

Suffixes 
Tracings .... 

401 



Articles of Intimate Posses- 



Page. 
403 
404 
405 
405 
405 
409 

409 
414 
418 
421 

422 
428 
428 
430 
432 
432 
433 
434 
436 
437 
439 
439 
444 
447 
449 
449 
451 
453 
461 
462 
462 
469 
470 
470 
472 
473 
477 
477 
507 
509 
517 



INTRODUCTION. 

Of all the Athapascan languages of the north that of the Beaver Indians 
has been most neglected. Father Petitot was not among them himself 
nor did he include material from them in his great work on the northern 
Athapascan. Father Morice's personal contact with the Indians has been 
chiefly west of the Rocky Mountains and therefore he has not been able 
to furnish examples from the language of the Beaver. 

The text material on which the following grammatical sketch is based 
is somewhat wanting both in extent and quality, but it is, however, sufficient 
to furnish the main characteristics of the Beaver dialect, both as to phonetics 
and morphology. While the lexical material is rather limited it is probable 
that the more important elements forming the nouns and verbs are repre- 
sented. 

Both the order and the form of treatment employed for the Chipewyan 
has in the main been retained to facilitate comparison. Citations of com- 
parative material in special instances have been made to Chipewyan, Hupa, 
Kato, Jicarilla, and Navajo. When the citation has the form of double 
numerals, the works referred to are the published texts of these languages, 1 
and the references are to the pages and lines. The citations with single 
numerals on the other hand refer to the grammatical sketches of the various 
languages. 2 There is much additional material for comparison in Petitot's 
large comparative grammar 3 and in Father Morice's various papers. 4 

1 Goddard, Pliny Earle, "Texts and Analysis of Cold Lake Dialect, Chipewyan." 
Anthro. Papers, Am. Mus. of Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Parts I and II, 1912. 

Goddard, Pliny Earle, "Hupa Texts." Univ. of Calif. Publ., Am. Arch, and Ethn., 
Vol. 1, No. 2, 1904. 

Goddard, Pliny Earle, "Kato Texts." Univ. of Calif. Publ., Am. Arch, and Ethn., 
Vol. 5, No. 3, 1909. 

Goddard, Pliny Earle, "Jicarilla Apache Texts." Anthro. Papers, Am. Mus. of Nat. 
Hist., Vol. VIII, 1911. 

2 Goddard, Pliny Earle, "Texts and Analysis of Cold Lake Dialect, Chipewyan." 
Anthro. Papers, Am. Mus. of Nat. Hist., Vol. X, Parts I and II, 1912. 

Goddard, Pliny Earle, "The Morphology of the Hupa Language." Univ. of Calif. Pub., 
Am. Arch, and Ethn., Vol. 3, 1905. 

Goddard, Pliny Earle, "Elements of the Kato Language." Univ. of Calif. Publ., Am-. 
Arch, and Ethn., Vol. 11, No. 1, 1912. 

"Vocabulary of the Navaho Languages," Vol. I, II, Franciscan Fathers, Saint Michaels, 
Arizona, 1912. 

3 " Dictionnaire de la langue Dene-Dindjie," Bibliotheque de linguistique et d'ethnographie 
americaines, Vol. II, 1876. 

4 Morice, A. G., "The Western Dene, their Manners and Customs." Proceedings of the 
Canadian Institute, 3d ser., VII, 109-174. Toronto, 1890. 

"The Dene Languages." Transactions of the Canadian Institute, I, 170-212. Toronto, 
1891. 

"The History of the Northern Interior of British Columbia," Toronto, 1904. 

403 



404 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 



PHONETICS. 

The dialect of the Beaver stands off distinctly from the other Athapascan 
languages of the Mackenzie river drainage in the matter of one phonetic 
shift. In Beaver the sibilants s and s are found where in Chipewyan and 
the related dialects interdental continuants, $ and #, appear. Since the 
sibilants appear to be the original sounds, being found in all other localities, 
there is this much evidence of Beaver relationship across the Rocky moun- 
tains rather than toward the north and east. 

A very interesting oscillation takes place in Athapascan languages 
between the bilabial nasal m and a bilabial stop b. As far as material now 
at hand indicates the distribution is not one of geographical grouping. 
In Beaver both m and b appear. This is also true of Navajo but in that 
case m can usually be explained by the presence of n in close proximity which 
seems to have produced a nasal assimilation. It has not been possible to 
explain all such occurrences of m in Beaver. There is good reason to sup- 
pose that b is not original in Athapascan since both aspirated and glottally 
affected stops found in the other series are wanting in this. The original 
Athapascan sound probably was a continuant, either a nasal m, or a bilabial 
spirant such as is found among the Tena on the Yukon. 

In many cases final n has produced a nasalization of the preceding vowel 
and has then disappeared. In the actual recording of the texts the same 
words or word parts appear sometimes with the final n, at other times with 
a final nasal vowel, and in still other instances with an oral vowel, both the 
nasalization and the nasal stop being lacking. It seems probable that the 
latter instances have resulted from faulty hearing during the transcription. 

The vowel a when followed by n tends to become o. Comparison with 
other Athapascan dialects indicates that a was probably the original vowel . 
There are also a number of instances of e becoming i upon nasalization. 

Considerable confusion exists in the texts between a and e. This may 
be due in some instances to a coloring of a in certain settings. For instance 
a demonstrative has been recorded as : a yl, ai yl, and e yl. The following y 
may have influenced the quality of the a in this instance. In general it is 
believed however that differences in vowel quality are traceable in some 
way to accent as will be seen below (page 507). There are regular shifts in 
verbal stems which seem only explainable as being due to accent, similar 
apparently to Indo-Germanic ablaut. All the variations in recording 
have been scrupulously maintained in the published text to make certain 
that any evidence of this sort should be preserved. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 405 



MORPHOLOGY. 

Nouns. 

The Athapascan nouns fall into a number of classes, some of which appear 
to belong to an old period and are common to most of the dialects. These 
are the monosyllabic nouns and nouns with prefixes which are in themselves 
mostly monosyllabic. Other classes which consist of compounds have 
many nouns of more recent derivation. 

MONOSYLLABIC NOUNS. 

€ a\ snowshoes, 380, 15. 

ca e a xa e , my snowshoes, 332, 18. 

da € a xa e , his own snowshoes, 333, 2. 
ul, fir brush, 392, 12. 
ya, sky, 301, 6. 
ya € , head louse. 
yas, snow, 328, 15. 

yac, 340, 2. 

yas k'e, winter, 303, 17. (Fig. 28.) 
ma 6 , edge, 302, 1. 

mai e , 338, 12. 
mil, snares, 357, 12. 

mini, snares, 303, 7. (Fig. 23.) 

ne mi le 6 , your snares, 357, 8. 

da mi le € , his snare, 303, 15. (Fig. 27.) 
nun, ground, 332, 13. 
IV, dog, 331, 1; 351, 9. 1 

lj, dog, 396, 13. 

ll zi e , proper dog, 351, 10. 

ne le e , your dog, 351, 11. 
tut, smoke, 381, 13. 
1'ec, grease. 

1'ais, grease, 326, 11. 

i Tic, grease, 326, 16. 

i P. 89. 



406 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

tec, grease, 329, 4. 

ye l'e je e , its grease, 304, 4. (Fig. 41.) 
I'ok', grass, hay, 392, 7. 

1'ok, 311, 9. 
. t'oke, 311, 8. 
1'ul, lines, ropes, 305, 7; 355, 6. (Fig. 77.) 

1'ul, 305, 7. 

ne Yu le, your line, 305, 13. (Fig. 83.) 
zls, skin, 305, 7. (Fig. 7.) 
sainl, hook, 364, 14. 
son 6 , breech cloth, 354, 5. 

so, 368, 8. 
sun 6 , stars. 
ca*, s?m, moon, month. 

ca l , », 303, 16. (Figs. 32, 36.) 

ca, sun, 301, 12; moon, 356, 3. 

sa, sun, 302, 3. 

sa Tq, after sunset, 385, 13. 

sa t'g 6 dje 6 , offer month, 391, 11. 
cac, 6mr, 326, 14. 

ce\ belt, sash (the sort worn by Canadian French), D. 1 
cis, mountain, 359, 7. 2 

cis k'e, on mountain, 357, 10. 

clc, mountain, 350, 9. 

See xls, below, 
con, old age, 3 349, 13. 
cuz, medicine lodge, 354, 14. 
7tit, pme, 368, 5. 

xai, spruce roots (used in making birchbark vessels). 
xail, load, 367, 11. 

xail 6 e, 334, 2. 

da 711I le 6 , his sack, 328, 2. 
xal, club, 323, 16. 

ya 7a le 6 , his club, 327, 18. 
xas, crooked knife, Ft. St. J. 4 
xls, mountain, 302, 6. 



1 Dunvegan. 

2 The initial sound of this word is a prepalatal surd spirant sometimes heard c and 
sometimes x, and in one setting 7, the prepalatal sonant spirant. 

3 As an abstraction, or perhaps personified, see bul, sleep. 
* Ft. St. John. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. . 407 

xic, mountain, 301, 15. 

See cis, above, 
xon, fire, 315, 10. 

See kon € , below, 
xwos, rose bush, Ft. St. J. 

xos, rose bush, D. 
bul, sleep, 359, 6. 

bail e e\ with sleep, 342, 15. 
bes, knife, 380, 14. 

bee, knife, 394, 19. 

bic k'e, on knife, 386, 11. 

da bl ze f , her knife, 305, 9. (Fig. 72.) 
dV, a generic term for birds raised in broods. 

dV, partridges, 358, 10. 

di, partridge, 350, 17. 
dg £ , hunger, famine. 1 

dg € , famine, 317, 7. 
' don 6 , famine, 324, 6. 

do 6 e\ w#A hunger, 392, 11. 

dg', hunger, 353, 13. 
dg, spring. 

dg 6 e 6 , m £^e spring, 351, 3. 
dul, 6/ooa 7 , 393, 19. 

dul V, with blood, 340, 2. 

dale, blood, 368, 1. 

tit da le, his own blood, 368, 2. 
du, island. 

du k'e, OTi an island, 388, 6. 
dzins, fo>o&, 357, 14. 

dzjns e', with hook, 363, 19. 

dzin ze, by the hook, 357, 14. 

dzis ze, by hook, 357, 2. 
djV, pM, 309, 8. 
tac, arrows, 334, 4. 

tac e e', with arrows, 390, 8. 

tac € e he 1 , mYA arrows, 324, 15. 

ta si, arrow, 315, 15. 

tuc 6 e', with arrows, 390, 11. 

et da tas se € , his arrow, 304, 15. (Fig. 59.) 

gu tac e, his arrows, 319, 7. 
tu, toe, wafer, 301, 2, 6. (Fig. 137.) 

1 Compare this word with con, old age, and bul, sleep, sleepiness. 



408 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

tu, snow, 353, 8. 
tus, crutches. 

ma ti ze € , his crutches, Ft. St. J. 
t'a, feathers, 308, 6. (Fig. 149.) 

di t'a, his feather, 324, 18. 
t'ec, coal. 

tsa 6 , disA, Ft. St. J. 
tse\ stones, 392, 7. 

tsl e e, m^ stones, 307, 7. (Fig. 151.) 
tsinl, axe, 380, 14. 
tsun e , meat, 312, 14. 
ts'al, moss (from swamp), D. 
tsV, sinew, 308, 12. 
tsV, mosquitoes, 356, 9. 
tca £ , beaver, 311, 15. 

tsa € , beaver, 323, 15. 
tcltc, ducks. 
teg', rain, 305, 21. 
tcutc, wood, firewood, 313, 11. 

tcut, wood, 368, 17. 
tew 3,, birds, 341, 5. 

tcwa, e ci, birds it was, 341, 10. 
tc 3 os, fine feathers, D. 

me tcoc ye € , his feathers, 322, 8. 
g&\ rabbits, 357, 13. 
ke, moccasin, footprint, track. 

ke, moccasins, 304, 12. (Fig. 55.) 

ke, track, 393, 1. 
kj 6 ', /ood, 350, 6. 

kj e , 374, 13. 

kln £ , 381, 1. 
kon £ , fire, 315, 14. 

kon 7a, % the fire, 323, 14. 

kwon, fire, 318, 17. 
k'a, M 314, 5. 

k'i 6 , saskatoon, 307, 7. (Fig. 119.) 
k'os, clowi 
k'us, alder. 
kw§, /o^e, £ip^, camp, cage. 

kw§, camp, 303, 20. 

kw^,, the cage, 322, 1. 
k'ut, willows, 323, 12. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 409 



NOUNS WITH PREFIXES. 

There are two main classes of nouns of such intimate relation to the 
individual that they do not occur without a possessive prefix or as a member 
of a possessive compound. These are mainly parts of the body and terms 
of relationship. 

Parts of the Body, including Articles of Intimate Possession, 
-ye, name. 

u ye, his name, 303, 1 ; 355, 9. 

-ye, a joint (?). 

cut ts'un ye, my knees, Ft. St. J. 
ca gwo n ye, my elbow, Ft. St. J. 

-ye da 6 , lips. 

ca ye da 6 , my lips, Ft. St. J. 
cai ye da, my chin, V. 1 

-wo 6 , teeth. 

ma wo 6 , his teeth, 349, 1. 
ca wo 6 , my teeth, 349, 9. 
tea 70 6 , beaver teeth, 392, 4. 

-wg ne, shoulder. 

tea wg ne, beaver shoulder, 365, 13. 

-wos, thigh, upper portion of hind leg of an animal, 
ca wos, my thigh, V. 
ma wos, its hind leg, D. 

-ne ts'un ne 6 , backbone. 

mun ne ts'un ne 6 , its backbone, 395, 4. 

xa k'ai ne ts'un ne, buffalo backbone, 330, 6. 

et ts'un ne, bones (detached) 336, 5. 

-ni 6 , face. 

ye ni 6 , their faces, 371, 7. 
ca ni 6 , my face, V. 

-n wg 6 , nose. 

yin wo 6 , their noses, 315, 18. 
mi wg 6 , his nose, 368, 1. 
mj wg 6 , its nose, Ft. St. J. 

1 Vermilion. 



410 Anthropological Payers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X,. 

cin wq, my nose, Ft. St. J. 

me wgn tc'I de, their nose veins, 336, 6. 

-n la € , hand, forefoot. 
cm la € , my hand, V. 
sin la, my hands, 394, 16. 
mi la € , its forepaw (of dog), D. 
da nl I la € € e', with people's hands, 392, 9. 

-Fa, palm of hand, sole of foot. 
me \\, his palm, V. 
muk ke 6 1'e hi, sole of dog's foot, Ft. St. J. 

-za € , mouth. 

ca za € , mz/ mouth, V. 

suz za e , m my mouth, 393, 19. 

me za/, Aer mouth, 362, 12. 

ye son wo tc'j 6 , /rom his mouth, 383, 6. 

-ze, mouth. 

me ze k'e, (on) his mouth, 321, 3. 

yi ze yi ye, in his mouth, 310, 11. (Fig. 190.) 

-ze ge e , throat. 

ma ze ge € , its throat, D. 

-zis, skin. 

me zis, ife s&m, 322, 13. 

-zut', Zm>07\ 

a zut', fowr, 352, 2. 
ma zut', ifo Zi«er, D. 

-ji, body. 

ma ji t'a, m their bodies, 306, 18. 
me jj, her body, 334, 16. 
Cf. Navajo, ci yi\ 

-ji, second stomach of ruminants (?) 
ye € ji t'a, in its stomach, 333, 15. 

7a € , hair, fur. 

ya 7a e , Aw Aair (of animal) 309, 3. 

da. ne tsi 7a 6 , people's head hair, 392, 19. 

a 7a, hairs, 311, 3. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 411 

-bat, -but', belly, stomach. 
me bat, his belly, 333, 14. 
sa but', my belly, 310, 9. (Fig. 169.) 
ma but, her belly, 321, 16. 
ma but', its belly, D. 
da ne but t'a, m people's stomachs, 392, 12. 

-da ye, den. 

me da ye, his den, 395, 1. 

-dai € , eye. 

na dai € , your eyes, 314, 16. 
mut dai, Aw eyes, 371, 2. 
cut dai € , my eye, Ft. St. J. 

-daya € , mustache, beard. 

ma da ya € , ife (cat's) mustache, D. 

mtit do 7a e , iw (dog's) mustache, Ft. St. J. 

-de 6 , Aora. 

xat da de € e', with moose horn, 366, 10. 

-di e e, food. 

ma di e e, JAeir food, 358, 10. 

-dje e , Aearf. 

mut dje e , ife Zfear£, 395, 10. 
ca dje e , my heart, V. 

-djo', chest, trunk of body. 
me 1 djo', her chest, 334, 13. 
ca djo', my breast, Ft. St. J. 

-t'a, fold of a blanket, sack, pocket. 
but t'a, his blanket, 313, 18. 
de t'a, his sack, 361, 13. 

-t'ai, wings. 

but t'ai, their, wings, 337, 4. 
See t'a, feather. 

-t'o, leaf. 

ut t'o, ZecMK», 308, 19. 

€ at'ole', summer, "leaves are," V. 

-tsi 6 , Aead. 

dun ne tsi 6 , man's head, 363, 1. 



412 



Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 



but tsP, his head, 338, 12. 

tit si 6 , head (detached) 342, 2. 

dut si e , their heads (of arrows) 313, 15. 

be zl tsi € , owl head, 342, 1. 

-tsun € , flesh, meat. 

ut tsun € , meat, 317, 13. 
but tsun € , his flesh, 378, 11. 
mut tsun, his flesh, 356, 1. 

-tsu dl, tongue. 

et tsu dl la € , end of tongue, 351, 14. 
ca tsu di, my tongue, V. 
ma tcu di, its tongue, D. 

-tsut, (?). 

yet sut t'a, below the shoulder, 309, 2. 

-ts'ii, 6ac& (?). 

mut ts'u, its back, 395, 6. 

-ts'un ne e , bone. 

ma ts'un ne € , her bones, 356, 13. 
ye ts'un ne ta, among his bones, 372, 9. 
tsi e ts'un nai, sMZ, 310, 10. (Fig. 178.) 
mun ne ts'un ne £ , ife backbone, 395, 4. 

-ts'un ne € , /e<7 (probably bone, cf. similar use of German Bein). 
ca ts'un ne £ , ra?/ leg, V. 

-tea de, /e^. 1 

See also -ts'un ne e . 

dut tea de e e, with his legs, 361, 16. 

mut tc'a dje € , its leg, 395, 11. 

-tce € , tail. 

ma tce € , ^eir (beaver) tails, 324, 4. 
mut tee 6 , its (dog) fow/, Ft. St. J. 

-tcofi ge € , n65. 

ma tcofi ge e , its ribs, D. 

ye tco ye, his ribs, 352, 6. 

e tcon ts'un ne, rib bones, 336, 9. 



Almost certainly misrecorded for -djat, -dja de. 






1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 413 

-tcug ge 6 , ear. 

ca tcug ge 6 , my ear, V. 

mut tcug ge 6 , ife ears, Ft. St. J. 

me tee ge 6 , its ear, D. 

gi tcii 7a 6 , ^AeiV ears, 383, 11. 

Also, cut djug ge e , m?/ ear, Ft. St. J. 

ya dji e, his ear, 302, 8. 

-tc'us dile 6 , mesentery (?). 

tea tc'us di le 6 , beaver mesentery, 312, 17. 

-go ne 6 , upper arm, shoulder, foreleg. 
ca go ne e , my arm, V. 

muk gwon ne € , ^s (dog's) upper foreleg, Ft. St. J. 
gi go ne, his foreleg, 396, 11. 

-go ne 6 , nail. 

cin la go ne 6 , my finger nail, V. 

el la go ne 6 , my finger nail, V. 

mi la go ne, its nails, D. 

cin la gwon ne t'a, in my finger nails, 344, 11. 

-kai skin (?) 

ye kai, her shin, 370, 15. 

-ke 6 , foot, moccasin, track. 
yeke 6 , his foot, 382, 1. 

dun ne ke 6 , man's moccasins, 304, 8. (Fig. 46.) 
dun ne ke, person's tracks, 333, 3. 

-kin 6 , -kj 6 , -kr, house, lodge of beaver. 
tea 6 kin 6 , beaver house, 374, 8. 
me kj 6 , beaver house, 370, 4. 
ekr, lodge, 381, 12. 

-k'a, /a£. 

ak'a,/af, 380, 3. 

xak'Ik'a, buffalo fat, 313, 18. 

-k'a si, throat. 

ma k'a si, Ais throat, 347, 14. 
muk k'a je £ , its throat, Ft. St. J. 
ye k'a ce 6 k'e, on his throat, 348, 1. 

-k'os, neck. 

me' k'os, her neck, 334, 16. 
ye k'os, their necks, 343, 17. 



414 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

Terms of Relationship, 
-ma, mother. 

gu ma, his mother. 

ma, his mother, 306, 5. (Fig. 91.) 

non, your mother, 332, 3. 

no\ your mother, 305, 20. (Fig. 85.) 

-na, vocative. 

an na, mother, 382, 14. 
un na, mother, 306, 1. 
tin nai, mother, 354, 2. 

-na dji ne, relatives, 

nun na dji ne, your relatives, 302, 15. (Fig. 2.) 
le na dji ne, friends of each other, 347, 9. 

-la ce e , brother-in-law. 

me la ce € yu, his brothers-in-law too, 360, 3. 
mut la ce, his brothers-in-law, 337, 11. 
me' la je, his brother-in-law, 357, 7. 
ne l'a je, your brother-in-law, 342, 1. 
la ce 6 , my brother-in-law, 394, 6. 

-la/, vocative. 

la. € , brother-in-law, 370, 10. 
1^, brother-in-law, 329, 14. 

-ze, wnc/e, nephew, (reciprocal), 
se ze, toi/ uncle, 328, 12. 
sis ze, my uncle, 327, 1. 
ca ze e j % my former nephews, 329, 3. 
ne ze, your uncle, 328, 10. 

-ze 1 e me, nephew. 

mai ze 1 e me, her nephews, 312, 6. 

-zi, son-in-law. 

ca zi, m?/ son-in-law, 341, 4. 
ma zi, Ai<? son-in-law, 341, 17. 
See -ji. 

-se, uncle. 
nai se, t/ow wwc/e, 325, 14. 
See -ze. 






1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 415 

-ji, son-in-law. 

ca ji, my son-in-law, 309, 15. 
ma 1 ji tc'j 6 , to her son-in-law, 367, 5. 
ma jj, his son-in-law, 375, 3, 9. 
See -zi. 

-cai, -ca., -ca 6 , grandchild. 1 

a cai, grandchild, 308, 8. (Fig. 151.) 

u cai r , grandchild, 306, 16. (Figs. 108, 113.) 

a ca., Twy grandchild, 304, 2. 

e cai 7 , grandchild, 369, 11. 

-y a,, friend (?). 

a 7a, my friend, 387, 3. 

xwon ne, xo ne, brother, 1 st person only, 
xwon ne, ?rt?/ brother, 328, 16. 
xo na, ????/ brother, 302, 17. (Fig. 8.) 
xo ne, my brother, 327, 6. 
xwon na 6 , brother, 343, 10. 
hwa 6 e, footer, 327, 12. 

-be 6 aunt. 

na be 6 yii, ?/owr aunt, 326, 14. 

-detc, -di e tee 6 , sister. 

11s detc, my sister, 302, 15. (Fig. 2.) 
ne di e tee 6 , your sister, 361, 10. 
tis di etc, 7ny sister, 301, 8. 
as de djl, my sister, 301, 9. 

-duY 7a, older brother. 

1 lo dti7 7a 1 1, brothers of each other, 310, 18. (Fig. 175.) 

no du7 7a, your older brothers, 327, 1. • 

no dti7 7e, your brother, 302, 18. (Fig. 5.) 

cut da7 7a, my older brother, 394, 6. 

lo da 7a, brothers (of each other) 381, 8. 

lii du7 7U, brothers, 301, 1. 

no du7 7a ne, your brothers, 326, 5. 

See xo na, my brother, 302, 17. (Fig. 8.) 

-ta 6 , father. 

ma ta 6 , her father, 323, 9. 



Was only recorded as vocative. 



416 Anthropological Payers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

na ta e tc'I € , to your father, 309, 5. 
but ta e , his father. 

te e a', tl £ a', vocative, 
te e a', father, 328, 17. 
tl € a,\ father, 328, 8. 
tl a, father, 326, 1 ; 382, 14. 

-tii e, til we, daughter. 

me tii e, yk's daughter, 321, 14. 
me tii we, A^s daughter, 360, 14. 
mut tii e ke, /w's daughters, 309, 14. 

-tea', -tee', grandfather. 

mut tea', Ai$ grandfather, 314, 5. 

dut tea 7a, for his grandfather, 313, 19. 

but tee' tc'j*, to Ais grandfather, 386, 7. 

-ca, -C3;, -ce, vocative. 
a ca, grandfather, 313, 19. 
a C3,, grandfather, 318, 3. 
e c^, grandfather, 320, 9. 
a ce, grandfather, 319, 14. 
e e ce 1 , mi/ grandfather, 321, 4. 

-tee', father-in-law. 

ma tee', his father-in-law, 375, 8. 
but tee', his father-in-law, 341, 9. 
me tee e , his father-in-law, 342, 2. 
me tea 6 , his father-in-law, 386, 17. 

-tcil le, -tc'il le, younger brother. 

dut tcil le, her younger brother, 324, 2. 

me tc'il le, the younger brother, 328, 15. 

me tc'il lii, (from me tc'il le -yu) his younger brothers, 340, 15. 

mut tcil le I', his younger brother, 310, 16. (Fig. 173.) 

-ci le, 1st person. 

a ci le, my youngest brothers, 395, 13. 

e cit le, younger brother, 365, 4. 
• 
-tcon, -tco, mother-in-law. 

me tcon, his mother-in-law, 367, 4. 
me tciin, his mother-in-law, 367, 6. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 417 

ne teg, your mother-in-law, 341, 17. 
me' tc'g, his mother-in-law, 375, 3. 

-cgn 6 , vocative. 

e con 6 , mother-in-law, 367, 11. 

-tcu e a, -tcwe/, child, son. 
cut tcu £ a, my 6oy, 327, 1. 
me tcu § e cow, his child probably, 369, 12. 
ca tcu we, ??zy c/w7d, 360, 15. 
sa tcwe/, my son, 350, 5. 
ma tcwe/, her child, 391, 4. 
cut tc'ii %, my son, 358, 4. 

-tcwu., -tcu a, grandmother. 

mut tcwij, Aw grandmother, 317, 16. 

mut tcwa^ I, Aw grandmother, 316, 6. 

mut tcu. a, Aw grandmother, 308, 13. 

mut tcu a, Aw grandmother, 308, 8. 

dut tea I, his grandmother, 307, 12. (Fig. 131.) 

-din, -con, -cu, vocative, 
u cu'n, grandmother, 308, 14. 
e a cgn € , my grandmother, 319, 1. 
a cu, grandmother, 307, 3. (Fig. 114.) 
a sun, grandmother, 305, 13. (Fig. 83.) 

-tc'I ii $, wi/e, husband (?). 
gu tc'I ii a,, their wives, 382, 8. 
dut tc'I u % his wife, 310, 2. (Fig. 155.) 
me 1 tc'I yu. wa/, Aw m/e, 333, 9. 
me tc'I u a, Aer husband, 323, 5. 
ma tc'I 6 yii e §, Aer husband, 356, 13. 
me ts'I ii a, Aw m/e, 308, 2. (Fig. 2.) 

-ge 6 , partner, co-husband. 
me ge 6 , Aw partner, 347, 16. 
me ge 6 , Ais co-husband, 366, 6. 
me ge 6 j 6 j ts'I 6 , to Aw former partner, 340, 13. 
e ge, my partner, 366, 6. 



418 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 



NOUNS WITH SUFFIXES. 

A variety of suffixes are used with nouns. Some of these merely limit 
the nouns in a temporary manner as inflections by indicating number, gender, 
mode or tense; others are word forming suffixes making nouns of other 
parts of speech or of other nouns. Several of the suffixes are also used with 
verbs, especially those expressing mode and tense. 

While nouns in general are singular or plural without any change in form, 
the names of classes of individuals, such as age classes, have a plural suffix. 

-gu, -gu, -go. 

ec ke gu, young men, 326, 9; 378, 2. 

mi ac ki gu, his young men, 390, 14. 

mus ki gu, his children, 351, 1. 

ko le gu, old people, 383, 4. 

ec ke go, young men, 377, 9. 

xo nu, my brothers, 329, 7. 

me tc'il hi, his younger brothers, 340, 12, 15. 

me la zu, his brothers-in-law, 360, 4. 

hi duY yu, brothers, 301, 1. 

-ye, may possibly be a plural suffix, 
me ge ye, co-husbands, 334, 14. 
mut tee yi', his father-in-law, 316, 5. 

-ke, occurring but once, seems to be a plural suffix, 
mut tu e ke, his daughters, 309, 14. 

-te'e, suffix denoting feminine gender, 
xat da te'e, cow moose, 375, 8. 

There are a few limiting and qualifying suffixes, adjective in nature 
but not in form. 

-ti, -ti, superlative suffix, very. 

da tcin ti 7a, by the large tree, 341, 6. 
dun ne ti, headman, 365, 8. 
dun ne ti, (grown) men, 328, 7; 384, 16. 
dun nai t\, headman, 321, 13. 

-ze 6 , -ze e , zl € , real, primitive as opposed to imaginary or introduced, 
dun ne ze € , Beaver (Indian), 379, 14; 338, 17; 339, 15; dun ne, person. 
xut da ze% real moose, 342, 5. 






1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 419 

lj zi e , proper dog, 351, 10. 
dun ne zl £ , Beaver, 341, 8. 

-tcok', augmentative suffix, large. 
xa k'l tcok', large buffalo, 308, 15. 
te ka tee tcok', large frog, 320, 11. 
tu tcok', ocean, 333, 10; tu, lake, body of water. 
tse* tcok', large stones, 354, 9. 
tin tcok ga, frm'de a horse, 396, 7; tin, a pet, domestic animal. 

A corresponding diminutive was not recognized in Beaver but an inter- 
preter who rendered xa k'a, young buffalo, said it was phonetically different 
from xa k'l 6 , buffalo, indicating that a suffix has disappeared by contraction. 

The two words listed below appear to begin with me-, by means of, with. 
It is probably accidental that more instances of names of instruments so 
constructed do not occur. 

me' a zll, stone, 308, 4. 
me € ka ke hi, shovel, 392, 3. 

There are several modo-temporal suffixes frequently used with nouns. 
- € i % denotes that the object has actually ceased to exist or that the 
particular phase mentioned has terminated. 

ya je e i % young one, 322, 2. 

me tc'I u e. e [ % had been his wife, 362, 3. 

me kwa, e j % his camp had been, 329, 10. 

7tit dje* € [ % geese that were, 389, 3. 

dun ne € \ % man, 338, 14; 342, 15. 

tea 6 € j € j, beaver that was, 372, 14. 

ko la 6 j % old man had been, 349, 9. 

-e ci, a modal suffix of present indicative force with an implied statement 
on the authority of the speaker. 

ne jl ne e ci, your songs, 343, 11. 

no duy ya e ci, your brother you say, 302, 17. 

xut da' e ci, moose it was, 341, 10. 

gii ye t'o e e ci, their arrows, 314, 3. 

tc'it du 6 a ci, children, 382, 13. 

-con, -co, a modo-temporal suffix indicating a degree of doubt as to the 
statement of possession or relation implied in the composite 
substantive. 

me tcti e. con, his child probably, 369, 12. 



420 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

me tcu e/ con, whose child, 369, 12. 
ma tc'i yu e e eg, her husband, 356, 10. 

-le', -la, a suffix probably identical with the verbal stem, to be. 
£ at t'g le', summer, "leaves are," 381, 6. 
a tcu ne la, stranger (is), 308, 2. 

-lg, a suffix common in verbs is used to designate an act or fact as dis- 
covered from evidence observed, 
me tcwe. 1q, his boy, 368, 16. 
xa k'l 1q, buffalo, 317, 6. 

Locative suffixes in some cases seem to form new nouns rather than 
transform substantives into temporary adverbial expressions. 

da tcun ta, timber, forest. 

de tcin ta', among the trees, 375, 5. 

dun ne ta, among the people, 317, 9; 339, 11. 

In one or two cases it is difficult to decide whether the second element of 
certain combinations is to be considered a noun or a locative suffix. 

-lo, -lg, the end. 

e do wo lo, the end, 318, 9. 

i ci ne lo', end of stump, 304, 18. 

€ l ci ne lo', on the end of a stump, 304, 16. 

yet ye lo, on the ends of his horns, 308, 16. 

ma 1q, $6' end, 377, 8. 

di ge 1q, land, 373, 5. 

dl ge xo lo dg', this world's end, 355, 5. 

tca £ tea li|, at the end of the beaver meat, 374, 13. 

tcez o lo', end of gun, 393, 10. 

-la € , end. f 

et tsu di la e , end of tongue, 351, 14. 
Yut la e , pine brush, 368, 3. 

-mai € , border, edge. 

ma mai% its shore, 301, 3. 

da t'ol mai, her nest's edge, 306, 6. (Fig. 97.) 

tu mai, shore, 333, 11. 

kon mai', camp border, 363, 6. 

A suffix -hi, probably in origin an enclitic article, makes a noun of an 
adjective. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 421 

me' tc'e le hi, "mean the," bad people, 378, 1. 
xais l'a hi, the youngest, 326, 5. 
de gac I, the black, 393, 18. 

-ne, a suffix meaning person used with demonstrative pronouns and 
adverbs, 
a tea t'j ne, other people, 362, 14. 
et du lj ne, nobody, 362, 8. 
et ts'un ne, a stranger, 347, 2. 
di ne, this person, 395, 13. 
djo ne e , these people, 319, 2. 
ta de na, three persons, 326, 4. 
ku Yain del € i ne, those who had come in, 386, 9. 
kwon e t'ene, that hind of person, 350, 12. 

COMPOUND NOUNS. 

The nouns compounded with other nouns fall into several categories. 

The first noun names the possessor of the second. Compounds of this 
sort are quite numerous in Beaver. The Athapascan languages of the Pacific 
Coast and the south generally employ a pronoun with the second element, 
rendering it less immediately dependent on the first element. 

an ne kw§, mothers camp, 382, 14. 

xat da de € e', with moose horn, 366, 10. 

xat da tsi € , moosehead, 391, 10. 

xa k'ai zis, buffalo shin, 330, 3. 

xak'lYa 6 , buffalo hairs, 316, 19. 

tsa' zis, beaver skins, 330, 4. 

ma tsl € ts'un ne, her head bone, 356, 9. 

go tsl e y& e , their head hair, 371, 6. 

The first noun qualifies the second by describing it, the idea of possession 
being slight or entirely wanting. 

a taxa tc'e % store, 390, 13. 

a ta xa tc'e I kw§, trading house, 390, 12. 

e la tun ne, its hand trail, 342, 11. 

e zis ni ba li, shin tents, 337, 14. 

lut sa ga, Smoky river. 

be zi na tu € , owl eye water, 342, 3. 

de cm ne za 7a, Cree language, 387, 7. 

dunnini' tc'I, mail's face wind, 373, 10. 



422 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

tsa7a, beaver teeth, 391, 15. 

tsl djic, stone mittens, 309, 9. 

tsi e kw§, Ft. Vermilion, "Red paint fort." 

tca e I le% beaver dam, 301, 7. 

tea tu, beaver lake, 312, 8. 

ga mil, rabbit snares, 357, 11. 

gut kwe. * pzne house, 390, 12. 

ke 1'ul, shoestring, 326, 7. 

Descriptive substantives are formed by a noun which names the object 
followed by an adjective which describes and limits the noun. 

es da dlok, grassy point, 309, 16. 
e es da tc'il e, a sharp point, 360, 8. 
dun ne tc'ul la', bad man, 323, 3. 
tse k'as, perpendicular cliff, 359, 7. 
tse k'ac e \ % cliff had been, 359, 9. 

Certain complexes, treated and used as nouns, are really substantive 
clauses consisting of or containing a verb. 

e dai g', for a door, "it is across," 335, 17. 

ye dai € g e, his door, 336, 3. 

Tut dai, animal, "that which is alive," 306, 5; 316, 15; 323, 2. 

mug7utdai e , his animals, 317, 12. 

xa 7ut dai, that land of a being, 322, 15. 
kwon sut dai, a married man, 366, 13. 
a za £ se *6, (gun) cap, "its mouth it is on," 395, 3. 
in la tc'i ne e ai, single barrel, "one projects" (?), 395, 1. 
ye wo € a, his servants (?); "ones sent" (?), 308, 16. 
nez to, a leaning tree, 394, 17. 
no de € 6tc di l crossing place; contains the verbal stem - £ otc, to travel, 

used of animals only, 376, 1. 
ce dai ne e g, my equal; has the appearance of a verb, 362, 8. 
tses di l[, rapid. 

UNANALYZED NOUNS. 

A large number of nouns consisting of two or more syllables and there- 
fore presumably derived, do not readily yield to attempts to analyze them. 

a ma Yai, slave, 370, 15. 
a no dze ll, fence, 370, 7. 

i In other places recorded as 7Ut kw§. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 423 

a la 6 , canoe, 332, 1; 333, 7; 338, 6; 376, 4; 390, 5. 
ela € , canoe, 332, 3; 338, 9. 

me 6 a li 6 , his canoe, 338, 9. 
a zil, $Ae scraper, 307, 11. (Fig. 124.) 
acka, boy, 318, 16; 320, 3. 
a dje kai, spear, 354, 1. 
a tea kai, spears, 326, 13. 
a t'a, young woman, 323, 9. 
a t'a zl f , leather, 316, 3. 
e le tce e 6 e f , m'tfA powder, 390, 11. 
es li, leggings, 307, 7. (Fig. 115.) 

mes le ge 6 , Ais leggings, 368, 2. 
es tun ne, ice, 337, 12; 357, 5. 
es go ne, with the hair on, 330, 3. 
es kai, young man, 337, 8. 
es ke, young men, 310, 17. (Fig. 174.) 
ex tcic ye', porcupine, 380, 18. 
e da, eagle, 305, 15. 
et da xa, as a trade, 346, 9. 
6 e' dl ye, chisel, 391, 16. 
6 e dje 6 , small hill. 
6 e' dji ce, porcupine, 358, 12. 
e djtlt tee, traps, 394, 5. 
e t'a I, girl, 360, 15. 
6 e t'a ze, leather, 348, 6. 
e t'e de, girl, 359, 18. 
e gai, spoon, 339, 8. 
I ye II, beaver dam, 302, 5. 
im ba, weasel, 394, 10. 
in dl, minds, 338, 5. 
in tc'i, wind, 305, 20; 373, 10. 
€ in tc'i da, orphan, 351, 2. 
in ge lii, £rac&, 326, 18. 
in ke lfi, track, 326, 7. 
In k'e hi k'e, on the winter trail, 391, 8. 

mi k'e hi we, their winter trail, 371, 4. 
I le 6 , beaver dam, 302, 1. 

ail k'e, on the dam, 302, 10. 
is t'e € a\ martin, 394, 9. 
I de, chisel, 312, 9. 
ul la' 6 , canoe, 355, 10. See a la 6 , and e la 6 . 



424 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

u sa € , pail, 386, 18. 

us tun ne, ice, 323, 11. 

yaya ze, young one, 318, 4. 

ya dje, young ones, 321, 18. 

ye da, eagle's, 305, 12. (Fig. 82.) 

yi se xe\ foxes, 374, 16. 

yi dg j, white men, 348, 4. 4 

yii da tci, jackfish, 338, 13. 

wes ofi ga, fireplace, 313, 10. 

wo ditc, /ws sfon/, 376, 1. 

wo dl tee, story, 355, 5. 

wo t'o tci, pelican, 310, 5. 

mai ya tee, calf, 354, 1. 

mais tea. 6 , his bow, 313, 13. 

me wo di tee, his story, 354, 13. 

me zi, owZ, 316, 13. 

mes ti e , 6ow, 397, 1. 

mes tin, bow, 324, 18. 

me di, chief, 363, 4. 

me dji, caribou, 333,14; 358, 6. 

mifigo, lake, 329, 11; 345, 3. 

mj ge, lake, 327, 8. 

ml di, the boss, 390, 13. 

mut dai yi dje e , a bull, 354, 3. 

mut dji, caribou, 305, 4, 7. (Figs. 68, 71.) 

mut tse, 5Z^A, 303, 18. (Fig. 29.) 

mut t'o tci, pelican, 310, 9. (Fig. 167.) 

nac % fence, 318, 11. 

na ba hi, war band, 371, 2; war party, 363, 16. 

nabl e e', oto, 339, 10. 

na br* e, otters, 339, 12; 340, 3. 

na du zi, snakes, 307, 5. 

na djin ne, relative, 340, 6. 

na tun ne, ihunderbirds, 321, 18; 322, 2. 

na tun ne, thunder, 373, 19. 

na t'un ne, #oods, 390, 7. 

na tcut di, rawhide, 305, 9. (Fig. 80.) 

na tc'I, wind, 393, 5. 

nl ba ll, tent, 361, 11. 

nit do w§, wto? people, 390, 15; 391, 1. 

no da, lynx, 303, 18, 20. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 425 

no de, birds, 343, 9; 358, 10. 

no dii zi, snakes, 307, 8. (Fig. 137.) 

no dze ll, fence, 370, 6. 

le je, she bear, 326, 14. 

lu ge, fish, 306, 9. 

Yd gi, grass, 317, 2. 

ze ni he e , day, 318, 12. 

ze tse € , carcass, 368, 5. 

me ze dze e , his body, 389, 5. 
sa tsl, &p* £>°^ 5 > 361, 12. 
sa ge, river, 306, 8. 
son tl a k'a, rat, 384, 2. 
ca ge e , river, 331, 5. 
7a de, sign, 322, 4. 
7iit dje 6 , geese, 389, 1. 
7ut tee, geese, 332, 1. 
xai sis t'a, m a sacA*, 348, 7. 
xa tus la, to the door, 362, 10. 
xatda', moose, 3-19, 16. 
xa go* ta, bluff, 393, 3. 
xak'ai, buffalo, 316, 18; 318, 10. 
xak'I, buffalo, 308, 17; 311, 12; 317, 10. 
xo lis, dust, 335, 10. 
xo dlic, ashes, mud. 
xut 1'e, at night, 318, 2. 
xut-da, moose, 316, 2. 
bes zi, ow/s, 341, 13. 
be dji, caribou, 376, 3; deer, 362, 16. 
da ya je, female icith young, 333, 3. 
da ne, people, 376, 15. 
da zo, man, 376, 14. 
da cin ne, Cree, 331, 10. 
da ts'e, brush, 392, 18. 

dats'I, brush, 392, 17; limbs, 381, 11; knots, 337, 2; 343, 4. 
da tcin, frees, 384, 10; stick, 396, 3. 
des die he, squirrel, 343, 1. 
de di hi, sickness, 348, 14. 
de tcin, tree, 343, 5. 
di ge e , wor/d, 302, 12. 
di ge, ground, 305, 8. (Fig. 79.) 
du ve € , cache, 368, 10; 375, 14. 



426 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

dun ne, man, 384, 8; 301, 9. (Fig. 1.) 

dunne 6 ', people, 350, 1. 

dus da, snipes, 310, 9. (Fig. 169.) 

dus dai, birds, 308, 16. 

I diiz dai, snipes, 310, 9. (Fig. 167.) 

diis de, birds, 308, 18. 

dut ye 6 , young buffaloes, 382, 13. 

die je, grizzly bear, 309, 15. 

dlu, e, mouse, 309, 1. 

dlu 6 e, mouse, 303, 14. (Fig. 34.) 

dzene', daytime, 337, 1. 

djezil, elk, 307, 13. 

dji zil, elk, 395, 15. 

djus dai, snipes, (?), 310, 7. (Fig. 176.) 

ta won lu, hail, 305, 19. (Fig. 189.) 

ta jon ge, open place, 325, 3. 

ta jo ge, a glade, 331, 3. 

ta tcj, a bird, 361, 12. 

teso', guns, 318, 10; 378, 10. 

te ka tee, frog, 320, 14; 321, 3; 338, 2. 

te k'ai 6 , muskrats, 384, 5. 

ti a tea 6 , black water bug, 310, 10. (Fig. 178.) 

ti so 6 , gun, 378, 6. 

tun ne, trail, 358, 8. 

ut tun ne, road, 303, 6. (Fig. 20.) 
tu zul le, sowp, 367, 12. 
t'a l'e he, mink, 384, 9. 
t'oi te', nest, 305, 12. (Fig. 82.) 
tsi a le, pillow, 315, 10. 
tsl ya e , young moose, 350, 4. 
ts'it do, cMd, 316, 18, 19. 
ts'ut de, blanket, 387, 7, 9. 
tea k'a le', white poplar. 
tees 5, gun, 395, 10, D. 
tci ye', little moose, 353, 8. 
tcus te 6 e', with snowshoes, 377, 11. 
tc'ain t'e, supernatural doings, 347, 12. 
te'e le 7a, creek. 

te'e ge, woman, 362, 4; 376, 16. 
te'e gu, woman, 308, 3; 340, 5. (Fig. 136.) 
tc'i a le 6 , pillow, 315, 12. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 427 

tc'I u a., old woman, 311, 4. 

I tc'I u %, old woman, 305, 7. (Fig. 71.) 
tc'I ya ze', crow, 336, 9. 
tc'I ya je, crow, 335, 4. 
tc'I yac I, crow, 335, 17. 
tc'I yu ne 6 , wo//, 351, 5. 
tc'in dl, medicine, 314, 18. 
tc'it do, child, 351, 4. 
tc'o nai, coyote, 
tc'on ne e , 6/m<7, 367, 12. 
tc'u. yu na, wohes, 318, 4. 
tc'u. na 6 , wohes, 315, 16. 
tc'u na, wolves, 315, 17. 
tc'une 6 , wo/fles, 313, 19; wo//, 333, 12. 
tc'ul I, cutbank, 307, 13. (Fig. 139.) 
tc'ut de, blanket, 337, 7. 
tc'tit do, boy, 318, 12. 
gl ye, pe^, 355, 7. 
_gg ze, jacfc pine. 

kas 7a, branch of Paddle river coming from Caribou Mts. " Ptarmigan." 
ka tci, comb, 392, 18. 
ko la, old man, 318, 3; 320, 3; 346, 9. 
ku, e he 6 , camp, 302, 14. 
k'us dii e, dress, 322, 14. 
k'tit dai 6 , willow, 315, 15. 



428 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X r 



Pronouns, 
personal pronouns. 

There are personal pronouns for the first and second persons, singular and 
plural. The pronouns in the third person are also demonstrative. The 
personal pronouns have a longer form when used independently and occur 
also with a suffix -ne. The form with the possessive and postposition is 
shorter or weaker and has the vowel influenced by the sounds which follow it. 

First person, singular, 
sai, I, 316, 9. 
sun ne, I, 395, 13. 
cai, I, 325, 8. 
caj, I, 354, 15. 
caj, I, 356, 6. 
caj, me, 339, 18. 
cajn, 7, 328, 16. 
cain, mine, 370, 3. 
cun ne, I, 394, 14. 

ca-, sa-, se-, are the forms used as a possessive prefix and with post- 
positions making adverbial place and directional phrases. 

cawo e , my teeth, 349, 9. 

ca ze f [ % my former nephew, 329, 3. 

ca zi, my son-in-law, 341, 4. 

sa but', my belly, 310, 9. 

se ze, my uncle, 328, 12. 

ca yu e, under me, 317, 2. 

ca ga, beside me, 394, 15. 

ca k'e, after me, 394, 15. 

ce tc'i e , to me, 329, 17; 346, 3. 

ce ga, to me, 336, 17. 

ce ke da, behind me, 381, 18. 

A weakened form with the vowel u followed by a consonant determined 
by the following syllable occurs. In two cases where n follows, the vowel is 
probably nasalized. 

sin la, my hands, 394, 16. 
cin wo € , my nose, Ft. St. J. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 429 

cin la gwon ne t'a, in my finger nails, 344, 11. 

cut day 7a, my older brother, 394, 6. 

cut tcii € a, ?72?/ 60?/, 327, 1 . 

suk k'e, offer me, 395, 13. 

cut da 7a, /or me, 301, 16; 371, 4. 

Second person singular. 

nai, you, 329, 17; 346, 5. 
na ni, you, 362, 9; 373, 13. . 
ni, you, 327, 15. 
nun e, you, 329, 17; 330, 1. 
nun nai, ?/cw, 320, 12. 
nun ne, t/ow, 320, 10. 
ne mi le e , your snares, 357, 8. 
na du7 7a, for you, 302, 15. 
ne tc'i, from you, 336, 16. 
ne k'e, after you, 338, 1 . 
ni ka ts'I, to you, 319, 18. 
ni k'e, on you, 317, 17. 

First person plural. 

The expected form would be na hi or nu xi. The possessive form has 
na xa but other forms have the n missing. 

na xa gut dai, our animals, 314, 12. 
na xus ke ge, our children, 310, 2. 
na hi se a ci, our uncle, 326, 1. 
axa,forus, 328, 13; 343, 12. 
a xat tc'I € , after us, 382, 9. 
a xa t'a, with us, 369, 11. 
a xa ga € la, by us, 316, 2. 
a xut ta, among us, 339, 12; 396, 2. 

Second person plural. 

As is the case in some other Athapascan languages the first and second 
persons of the plural are not diif erentiated in Beaver. 

£ a' xa, you, 341, 18. 

na xai t'o e, your arrows, 314, 10. 

naxa7utdai, your animals, 313, 16; 318, 1. 

a xa, for you, 343, 14. 

a xain ka 6 , after you, 358, 16. 

a xai dV, without you, 359, 2. 



430 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

A reflexive pronoun occurs in Beaver, chiefly but not exclusively in the 
third person. The possessive forms are without the initial syllable a. 

a da ne, himself, 364, 5. 

at da, for herself, 391, 9. 

at dai, himself, 304, 10. (Fig. 52.) 

at dun ne, he himself, 318, 16. 

e at dun nl, he, 320, 17. 

ut dain, I myself, 314, 11. 

ut dain, himself, 313, 2. 

ut da ne', he himself, 352, 9. 

€ ut dun ne, himself, 338, 17; £m£ himself, 359, 16. 

da € a xa e , his own snowshoes, 333, 2. 

da mi le £ , Aw snare, 303, 15. (Fig. 27.) 

da bi ze*, Aer &m/e, 305, 9. (Fig. 72.) 

dlt'a, his feather, 324, 18. 

dut I'ii le, her line, 305, 14. (Fig. 94.) 

dut tea I, his grandmother, 307, 12. (Fig. 131.) 

dutc tci ze € , her mitten, 311, 5. 

dtik ke e , his own moccasins, 304, 13. (Fig. 60.) 



DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS. 

For the third person demonstrative pronouns are generally employed. 
There is a complementary pair ye- and me- both with variations as to vowels 
due to following consonants. These seem to be used with some regularity 
in distinguishing the individuals involved in a narrative or dialogue. The 
principle on which the assignment of these is made is not apparent. It is 
not sex but may be rank. 

ma, for him, 320, 8; to them, 329, 4. 

ma tc'a, from it, 396, 5. 

me 1 , with, 347, 6; 392, 2. 

me da 7a, for him, 373, 12. 

me tcQ, between them, 387, 7. 

me t'a, near them, 363, 9. 

me ts'I u a, his wife, 308, 2. (Fig. 142.) 

me ga, for him, 349, 2. 

miii ka, after them, 317, 8. 

mo', for him, 335, 16. 

mo tc'I, to him, 333, 5. 

mut I'l se € , its grease, 304, 2. (Fig. 31.) 



1917. 



Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 



431 



mut dug ga, for him, 304, 1. 
mut ts ? j% to it, 332, 9. 
muk ga, to it, 394, 2. 

Forms with b apparently varying phonetically with m appear. 

bet djp, 1 from him, 369, 10. 

be tc'I € , to him, 355, 1; to her, 376, 12. 

be kV, after him, 352, 14. 

but tc'j 6 , to him, 346, 5. 

btik ka, beside it, 378, 13. 

ya, for him, 305, 9; 320, 8; to him, 304, 3. (Figs. 31, 78.) 

ya Yq e, behind her, 314, 17. 

ye l'e je € , its grease, 304, 4. (Fig. 41.) 

ye 7a, ife hair, 322, 14. 

ye ta, among them, 307, 8. (Fig. 120.) 

ye ts'i € , toward him, 321, 1. 

ye tcV, /ro??i it, 342, 12. 

ye tc'i e , to him, 346, 16. 

ye tc'o, from him, 372, 10. 

ye ga, beside him, 329, 16. 

yek'e, offer Aim, 303, 19; 358, 7; 384, 10. 

yj ka, for it, 334, 3. 

yo, to Azm, 324, 17. 

yuk k'e, on Aer, 324, 2. 

yu ga 6 , %. them, 316, 2. 

There is a frequently used demonstrative appearing in different forms, 
ai yi, a yi, e yi, 6 e yi, € I e, 1. With a suffix an adverb or conjunction is 
formed, € e ji e e\ then, which occurs at the beginning of sentences in stories. 

ai yi, she, 316, 6. 

e yi ne, them, 370, 17. 

e e' yi ne, those people, 350, 10. 

e I e ne, those, 350, 11. 

I ne', those, 381, 6. 

in ne, those, 309, 14. 

Referring to the person or object nearer than others with which the 
comparison is made is di. 

di, this, 301, 10; 304,2; 317,13; 331,10. (Figs. 83, 108.) 



Also ma tcl e . 



432 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

dl gi, this, 336, 11. 

de yl € e\ with these, 391, 14. 

gi-, gu-, (gi-) is found rather infrequently as a demonstrative; its definite 
force as yet undetermined. It has perhaps been confused with gi-, 
gu-, the plural prefix. 

gi da 7a, for him, 365, 13. 
gi t'a, in it. 
gl tc'j € , to it, 362, 16. 
gi k'e, after him, 335, 6. 

gu tac e, his arrows, 319, 7. 

» 

PLURAL PREFIX. 

A prefix gu- (gu-) indicates the plural with reference to the limiting rather 
than the limited noun. In character it resembles the possessive forms of 
the personal pronouns. 

gu ye t'o e e cl, their arrows, 314, 3. 
gu l'o I dji% after them, 382, 11. 
gu di ge, above them, 381, 9. 
gi yl ka, for them, 354, 7; 388, 4. 
gi k'e, on them, 354, 10. 
go ye% with them, 363, 4. 
gu ya, for them, 316, 10; 388, 14. 
gu ye tc'o% from them, 315, 10. 
gu yii, to them, 383, 1. 
gu ga e , with them, 316, 5. 
gu k'e, after them, 372, 5; 382, 8. 

Compare the suffix -gu used with certain nouns to form a plural, p. 418 
above. 

ARTICLES. 

There is a proclitic I, which seems to be a weak demonstrative or an 
article. 

I de cin ne, the Cree, 331, 11. 
1 dun ne, the man, 327, 17. 
1 dun ne, the Beaver, 370, 3. 
I tse, stones, 392, 9. 
i tc'e ge, that woman, 334, 16. 
I ko la, that old man, 346, 12. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 433 



ADJECTIVE PRONOUNS. 

There are a few rather descriptive pronouns which are listed below. One 
or two of these might have been considered demonstrative pronouns as well. 

aita, all, 302, 11. 

aitai, all, 310, 11. (Fig. 190.) 

ai te, all, 317, 11; 318, 7; 324, 4. 

ai t'e, all, 331, 7. 

ait'ehl, all, 344, 1. 

e ai k'e, all, 318, 14. 

a dji, those, 326, 11. 

adji, before, 380, 10; 387, 1. 

a djun li, none, 393, 1. 

a dju n lj, nothing, 393, 14. 

a djiin dlj, nothing, 394, 13. 

atai,a//, 310, 12. (Fig. 179.) 

a tai ji', everything, 306, 17. 

at du li, none, 318, 2. 

at du li, nothing, 316, 3. 

at du lj, nothing, 311, 4. 

e yi, the one, 346, 16; tfAaf one, 362, 2, 3. 

e yP, those, 343, 4. 

e du li, none, 367, 3. 

e du lj, none, 318, 1. 

on t'ai, all kinds, 343, 9. 

€ ut da ze', all, 322, 16. 

yayi, Jto, 335, 4; Mose, 358, 10. 

na lo, many, 305, 7. 

na lo ne, were many, 328, 6; many of them, 348, 13. 

na lu, many, 316, 11. 

na ta zo', a few, 389, 13. 

li dl, last, 365, 4. 

li ge, the other one, 304, 5. 

\\ gi, one, 304, 14. (Fig. 57.) 

70 dji, ^a/, 324, 10. 

xais la, /a^, 335, 8. 

xais l'a last time, 334, 18; last, 378, 7. 

xais l'a dji € , tf/ze last, 303, 13. 

x&tse*, first, 307, 16; 327, 15; 330, 1; 378, 8. 

xa t'l, that kind, 347, 17; just that kind, 362, 2. 



434 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

xa t'l zo, only that, 311, 10. 

xon tl a zon la, only thai, 304, 3. 

xo dji, after them, 377, 10. 

xo te, some kind, 321, 11. 

xo t'e, such, 321, 12. 

hai yi, that, 328, 1. 

da xa ne, some of them, 348, 12. 

da xun ne, some of them, 344, 4. 

da hun ne, some of them, 335, 12; 340, 15; some, 389, 13. 

ts'a ze, old, 374, 8. 

tc'e la, clumsy, 372, 8. 

tc'ul la, worthless, 379, 16. 

tc'ul la', poor, 366, 13; 367, 9. 

tc'ul lai, bad, 328, 10. 



INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADVERBS. 

For convenience's sake and in order to group similar forms together the 
interrogatives of all classes are listed here. v 

e yi je, what, 343, 10. 

I e xa € , why. 

u da ye, what, 320, 13. 

u da won t'e, why, 380, 3. 

€ u da was t'e, what am I, 320, 15. 

ye a t'l, what is it, 336, 13. 

ye 7Q, why, 394, 8. 

ye tc'I, from whom, 321, 17. 

ye ka, for what, 337, 8; 385, 9. 

ye ka, what, 325, 9. 

ye ka, why, 319, 1, 17. 

yi a t'l, where, 308, 14. 

ye wo, why, 313, 12. 

yi wo', for what, 301, 9. 

ye 7a, why, 314, 8. 

ne dj", where is it, 341, 9. 

je ka, why, 362, 4. 

xo tc'j e , where, 337, 10. 

dai sais, hoiv soon, 396, 14. 

dai sais eg, how soon, 396, 14. 

dai sa da', how far, 370, 2. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect, 435 

dai sa dg e , what time, 356, 2. 

da won t'e, what time, 305, 19. (Fig. 96.) 

da ne te, why, 367, 4. 

da je de, how, 331, 7. 

dat'I, what, 313, 2; 317, 4. 

dak'i, how, 306, 16. (Fig. 113.) 

de dji e , where, 339, 3. 

di a tea', tvhere. 

dl e u ye, w^ai is Ais name, 302, 18. 

di e dji e , when, 301, 14. 

dl e djl £ , where, 328, 1. 

di e djr, tvhere, 389, 9. 

don t'a, wAa£ is £Ae matter, 369, 1. 

don t'e, how is it, 336, 15. 

don t'e, why, 363, 17; 366, 14. 

don t'l, how did it happen, 321, 16. 

do t'e, why, 335, 5; 357, 7. 

do t'g t'e, what is the matter, 358, 4. 

There are several interrogative prefixes and particles associated with 
verbs. 

ye-, prefixed to verbs, asks what. 

ye on te'e, what is it, 393, 18. 

ye € on t'e, what is it, 371, 18. 

ye da' di, what did you (plu.) say? 
me- with verbs inquires who. 

me £ a li', who is it, 310, 16. (Fig. 183.) 

me' a ce dl, who says it of met 317, 18. 
da- with verbs inquires how or what. 

da 6 o wun ne da, how did you live, 321, 4. 

da wac ta, what shall I do, 325, 1." 

da woe t'e, how shall I live, 352, 16. 
. da wo te'e de ke, what is the matter, 368, 4. 

da na da, what is the matter, 317, 17. 

da na dja, how did it happen, 351, 4. 

da na t'ii, what are you doing, 301, 8. 

da ne de hwii e , what are you doing, 387, 3. 

da ne t'e, how is it, 320, 15; what is the matter, 368, 18. 

da ne t'e, what are you, 320, 4; what is the matter with you, 365, 16. 

da nuc le, what can I do to you, 329, 18. 

dan net di he ka, what you going to do with it, 346, 2. 



436 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

da ce a ne t'e e, how you will do, 337, 9. 
dac la lg, what did I do to, 313, 17. 
da Yin t'j wg, what is the matter, 365, 11. 
da 76 t'a, what shall we do, 324, 11. 
da7utdja, what has happened to, 327, 1. 
da dja on t'e, what is the matter, 380, 1. 
da dja € gn t'e, what has happened, 365, 5. 
dl do' dl a t% what does he mean, 307, 3. 
di dg t'e, who is this, 361, 2. 

gon-, kg-, loosely connected with the verb phonetically, marks the state- 
ment of the verb interrogative as to the fact. That is, it is used 
with direct questions where in English the order is reversed, or 
the inflection of the voice is changed. 

gon nl t[\ are you lying down? 
kg ti da a na t'j, are you alonef 



INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. 

The interrogative elements may express uncertainty although but few 
examples of this appear. 

da us t'e e le, something is going to happen, 378, 4. 

da ce wo te, how exactly, 351, 13. 

dac t'e, something is the matter with me, 378, 4. 

don t'a, whatever happens, 368, 15. 

du\da, somewhere, 310, 10. (Fig. 178.) 



1917.] , Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 437 



Numerals. 

The numerals of Athapascan as far as five are the same or phonetically 
related in practically all dialects. A considerable variety exists above 
five. In Beaver, six has " three " for its last component and eight has " four." 
They must mean then "twice three" and "twice four" or "another three" 
and " another four," although the first component is not recognizable. Nine 
appears to mean "nearly ten." 

The suffixes used with the numeral may be locative in origin; -d\, and 
-djl at least seems to be, while -tc'e has not been even tentatively identified. 

As obtained in series. 

I la tc'e', one. 

ofi ki tc'e', hvo. 

ta tc'e', three. 

diye tc'e', four. 

la tc'e di, five. 

e. tc'i t a tc'e', six. 

tayu. djl, seven. 

e. tc'it di tc'e', eight. 

k'al luk k'l tc'e', nine. 

k'i ni tc'i', ten. 

I la dj ma ta', eleven. 

la tc'u dj ma ta', fifteen. 

on ki k'e dj, twenty. 

k'i we ne de ke tc'i', one hundred. 

k'in ne tc'e tcok', one thousand (big ten). 

As they occur in the texts. 

In la dje% one, 350, 1. 

In la tc'e', one, 350, 2. 

I la t'l, one, 301, 2. 

In la de tcu yl e , one at a time, 311, 3. 

onke, twice, 335, 11- 347,14. 

on ke di, two, 301, 1; 305, 17. 

on ke t'e, two, 329, 5. 

q ke t'e, two, 339, 16. 

on ke t'l, two, 304, 13; 342, 5. (Fig. 60.) 

on ke tc'e, two, 395, 1. 

on ke k'i, two, 319, 8. 



438 Anthropological Payers American Museum of Natural History [Vol. X, 

Qh ke t'e ne, two men, 338, 9. 

Qfi ke t'l he t'e, both of them, 339, 16. 

on ke Yut de t'e, both of them, 358, 16. 

on ke 7ut de t'e, the two, 338, 18. 

ofi ke gut det t'e, both, 366, 4. 

q ke Tut de t'e, two of them, 322, 14; 347, 9. 

ta de, ffcree, 306, 17; 309, 14. (Fig. 162.) 

ta de da, three, 315, 18. 

ta de de, three of them, 310, 1. 

tadi, three, 305, 15; 309, 17. 

ta tcV, three, 380, 17. 

dl an t'e, four, 312, 12. 

dl an t'l, four, 312, 11. 

dl en t'e ne, four, 385, 12. 

dj e t'e, four, 377, 10. 

djin dje, four, 396, 9. 

la' djai t'e, five, 379, 3. 

in tci ta djl, six, 396, 1. 

in tc'it din dl, eight, 390, 14 









1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 439 

Adverbs. 

place. 

The adverbs in any way relating to position or order in space are listed 
together. Their variety and number indicate a trait of Indian habit of 
thinking and speech, the precise localization of objects and happenings. 

ai ye da 1 , there, 394, 10. 

ai ye di, there, 301, 7. 

ai yi dV, there. 

a ye da, there, 393, 4. 

a ye di, right there, 327, 15. 

a yi ga, there, 363, 3. 

e di wl tc'j 6 , thither, 325, 2. 

e di wo tc'j 6 , from there, 323, 14. 

e djn, there, 318, 18. 

e din, there, 375, 7. 

e di zo, only there, 311, 5. 

e di sun t'e, right there, 341, 16. 

e di xo tc'j € , thither, 363, 10. 

e do we ts'e 6 , from there, 316, 18. 

e do wo t'e he 6 , there, 301, 12. 

e du we tc'e\ from there, 310, 14. (Fig. 172.) 

et de, there, 325, 4. 

l % there, 308, 4. 

I 6 e di, there, 376, 14; 384, 5, 8. (Figs. 79, 151.) 

i e di wo, there, 333, 7. 

I e di wo tc'j 6 , from there, 311, 2. 

I 6 e dje 6 , there, 381, 3. 

I yi he e , from there, 304, 18. 

i wa tcj 6 , there, 353, 15. 

6 i wa tc'j 6 , from there, 356, 15. 

in da dje 6 , on either side, 301, 6. 

6 in da dji, on each side, 301, 2. 

i di', there, 351, 3. 

V di zo € , only there, 309, 8. 

i do ne € ', across. 

I tse, below, 308, 2. (Fig. 142.) 

i ts'i, down there, 312, 12. 



440 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

I k'e dji e , along there, 301, 7. 

gn ka, in that direction, 319, 11. 

on ka, toward, 350, 3. 

q xai, nearby, 345, 2. 

fit ts'i, toward, 318, 6. 

u tc'j e , from there, 383, 1. 

ya 7 a, over there, 301, 14; 303, 11; 318, 18; 337, 7; 343, 2. 

ya Yai, owr ^ere, 337, 5; 362, 15. 

ya 71, over there, 301, 15. 

ya xai, over there, 349, 5. 

ya do ne, across, 396, 4. 

ya gi, over there, 310, 8. 

ya go zon e , over there, 332, 9. 

ye yi di ge, wp £Aere, 343, 3. 

ye yu e, under, 327, 16. 

ye7e, oi>er there, 309, 17. (Fig. 162.) 

ye de, ^ere, 358, 9. 

ye' di, there, 307, 5. 

ye dr e, 6ac& ^ere, 321, 4. 

ye di € e, above here, 362, 11. 

ye di wa tc'i € , through that, 381, 11. 

ye di wo tc'j € , from ^erg, 311, 12. 

ye di ge, wp, 305, 14. 

ye di gi, wp, 341, 13. 

ye dje r , wp, 393, 15. 

ye tg t'e djV, far from there, 346, 14. 

ye tci, below, 308, 3. (Fig. 136.) 

yi da, ahead, 302, 14. 

yi dai, forward, 306, 14; ahead, 307, 19. (Fig. 140.) 

yi da ne, ahead, 327, 6. 

yi de, back, 317, 15. 

yi de, behind, 375, 3. 

yi de', over there, 375, 8. 

yi de' ye, behind, 303, 10. (Fig. 17.) 

yi di, behind, 356, 3. 

yi di ye, back, 326, 18. 

yi di zo, jwsJ 6ac& ^ere, 317, 15. 

yi di ge, up, 305, 2; 327, 15; 360, 9. (Fig. 63.) 

yi di ge, up there, 384, 7. 

yi di ge, up the bank, 374, 3. 

yi di gi, up, 330, 10. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect 441 

yi duy 7et de, up on shore, 323, 13. 

yi duk, one side, 306, 2. (Fig. 86.) 

yit da € , ahead, 312, 16. 

yit dai, there ahead, 346, 2. (Fig. 37.) 

yit dai e e, way over. 

yit dai xe t'l e, ahead, 313, 17. 

yit da dj, over there, 372, 3. 

yit da tee, up, 304, 1 . 

yi ts'e, further out, 363, 18. 

yi tse', out there, 345, 9. 

yi ts'i € , down, 313, 1. 

yi ts'I, down there, 360, 10. 

yi ts'I gu, down the bank, 307, 17. (Figs. 129, 130.) 

yi tci, down, 307, 19. 

yo e g, over there, 360, 13. 

yo xo', over there, 385, 10. 

yu e e, under, 330, 8. 

yu e dje 6 , down, 393, 11. 

yu e dji 6 , under that, 311, 13. 

yii e te'e, low, 393, 10. 

yu g 6 , over there, 367, 11. 

yii 1 gn, over there, 360, 14. 

yu € on, over there, 306, 15. 

yii £ e gn, over there, 360, 17. 

yu o ne, over there, 355, 6. 

yu on ne e , over there, 327, 9. 

yii u e, under, 394, 3. 

yu dji, over there, 396, 7. 

wa tc'j € , /rom, 356, 9. 

wa k'uts ts'Is un ne', north. 

wg, £Aere, 360, 15. 

won, here, 322, 6. 

won 1'on dje e , far, 333, 2. 

wo ts'it, thither, 323, 15. 

wo tc'j £ , toward it, 311, 4. 

wo tc'i e , ^ere, 305, 3. (Fig. 70.) 

wo tc'I e , through it, 317, 5. 

wo tc'i e , thither, 333, 7. 

na wo dje e , on top, 301, 15. 

na sa, ahead of me, 332, 3. 

na7ai, over there, 306, 9. (Fig. 110.) 



442 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X r 

la t| ye, from one to the other (?), 343, 2. 

lin ta tl dji, right half way, 301, 12. 

1'a dai, on the bank, 307, 14. 

1'a djP, the bach, 326, 13; behind, 384, 10. 

zi t'a la, inside, 355, 11. 

zl t'a gi, inside, 355, 12. 

je da 7a, below, 360, 8. 

ju V, under, 392, 2. 

ca dl dj e , m 2Ae sunshine. 

ya de, across, 333, 8. 

yon, ^ere, 341, 5. 

yo' dji e , thence, 334, 2. 

yo dji € , from there, 369, 6. 

yo tc'i e , ^ere, 387, 1. 

yo tc'j € , thither, 363, 13. 

yu ye, a/o^ f/^re, 310, 12. (Fig. 179.) 

xa is la/, behind. 

xalade, a/*md, 323, 2; 337, 12, 16. 

xa la dj, in front. 

xa lat de, ahead, 338, 4. 

xut dut dl, JAw pZace, 305, 5. (Fig. 76.) 

xa k'a, west, 393, 13. 

xo xai, close, 370, 18. 

xo ta tcin, by the fire, 327, 2. 

xwa 4 , near, 347, 1. 

xw§, close, 327, 11. 

xwa. e a, c/ose, 376, 7. 

xwa a wq € , close, 362, 11. 

xwa e, close by, 325, 14. 

xwa e he € , so close, 395, 10. 

xw^xa, close,, 328, 8. 

xwa he 1 , c/ose 6?/, 328, 10. 

xwon da\ near by, 374, 9. 

hwa, close, 305, 1. 

dain de e dji € , across, 329, 11. 

dain di e € djl e , across, 327, 8. 

daj n dl ye', other side. 

da mas di, around it, 307, 14. 

da 1'a dje, backwards, 354, 1. 

da ts'j € e, south. 

di ge, up, 330, 7. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 443 

di ge dje 6 , up river. 

du e, along there, 303, 18. (Fig. 29.) 

du ye, along there, 303, 6; 306, 14; 310, 15. (Fig. 20.) 

du yi de 6 e, here behind, 331, 3. 

du* da, somewhere, 310, 10. 

du' dee, here, 329, 15. 

du' di 6 el 6 a, here, 382, 14. 

du djo, here, 371, 15. 

dji djin dje, behind me, 394, 15. 

dji k'e, up, 393, 11. 

dji k'e dje 6 , up, 393, 15. 

djo 6 , here, 332, 15. 

djo', here, 314, 8; 328, 10; 396, 4. 

djo, Aere, 301, 16. 

dJQ, ftere, 301, 10; 303, 18. (Fig. 38.) 

djo, here. 

djon, here, 371, 7. 

djon dje, Aerg, 396, 3. 

djo la, here, 312, 8. 

djo 1 dje, here, 396, 5. 

dju, here, 303, 19. (Fig. 30.) 

djun, here, 306, 15; 325, 14. (Fig. 104.) 

ta won t'e dji 6 , far away, 345, 10. 

ta wo t'e dji 6 , far, 344, 10. 

ta na 1'ai dji, in the water, 357, 14. 

ta na Fai dji € , under the ground, 346, 11. 

te ye, in the water, 310, 6. (Fig. 170.) 

tgetcV,/ar, 349, 15. 

tgn te zl 6 , far, 384, 7. 

ton te dji 6 , far, 355, 10. 

ton ti a tc'e, far, 316, 14. 

ton t'e, far, 305, 15; 338, 8. 

ton t'e dji% far, 310, 14. (Fig. 180.) 

ton t'e k'l, far, 359, 20. 

ton t'l a, far, 382, 11. 

ton t'l e djl € , far, 332, 12. 

ton k'e, far, 359, 19. 

to t'e di, far, 342, 14. 

to t'e do, far, 380, 5. 

to t'e dji, far, 343, 4. 

tQ k'e dji 6 , /ar, 375, 4. 



444 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

tu' da' djj% up current. 

tu k'e cl e , downstream, 388, 4. 

tu k'e dji% down current. 

tse a tci 6 , down, 302, 9. ' 

ts'e, outside, 322, 3. 

tcV, outside, 367, 11. 

ts'e djl e , outside, 329, 2. 

go, ^ere, 393, 2. 

go ye, ^Aere, 345, 11. 

gg hwo, there, 371, 18. 

go tc'j 6 , there, 387, 2. 

gu e xa k'a he € , along there, 301, 6. 

gu we, along there, 307, 19. (Fig. 135.) 

gwa, is close, 370, 3. 

gwa tc'i e , thither, 319, 13. 

got da co € , somewhere, 363, 5. 

gwa tee/, thither, 381, 2. 

gwa dje/\ over there, 349, 16. 

gwa tce e , oxer there, 391, 3. 

gwa tcj% there, 391, 1. 

gwut djl 6 , over there, 367, 20. 

kon, there, 361, 1. 

ku e, inside, 347, 2; 367, 13. 



TIME. 



e ai ye e , £/tm, 356, 11. 

ai ye € hwa, then, 353, 15. 

ai yi e e\ then, 303, 3; 346, 8, 11. 

e a yi e e', then. 

a yi l'o a, after that, 370, 16. 

a wo te'e, after, 305, 6. 

e a daj e, all the time, 356, 10. 

a duz ze, a// through, 356, 6. 

at da ze, all through, 357, 17. 

a tc'it do 6 , already, 394, 19. 

eyl'e, then, 362, 2; 376, 15. 

e wo t'e, since, 336, 17. 

e en t'l jo, suddenly, 325, 4. 

e he € , £Am, 306, 8. 

e di z5, only then, 301, 10. 

e* do, then, 395, 4. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 445 

e du tc'j € , thereafter, 311, 7. 

e t'ai, immediately, 314, 10. 

e t'e, as soon as, 307, 8. 

e t'e, suddenly, 339, 15. 

I ye he e , then, 301, 11. 

e I wa tcV, after that, 390, 14. 

I wo, then, 307, 3 ; 326, 6. 

In da lin, then, 312, 6. 

in t'i zo, suddenly, 303, 7. (Figs. 21, 58, 71.) 

I la, tAero, 310, 18. (Fig. 175.) 

I IV, after thai, 309, 11. 

I do we tee, thereafter, 311, 8. 

I du we tc'i, after that, 397, 1 . 

I dlo we, after that, 395, 12. 

I t'i zo, suddenly, 304, 8. (Fig. 46.) 

e 6, *Am, 308, 10. 

on, now, 384, 6; ffcm, 305, 11. (Fig. 81.) 

Qn xai tc'j 6 , soon, 385, 15. 

q xai, soon, 365, 2. 

e o xe, soon, 375, 14. 

q dies, Zona £ime, 391, 1. 

e u\ ^m, 312, 2; 319, 11; 362, 2. (Fig. 5.) 

ut de jo, on/z/ then, 312, 3. 

tit t'e*, immediately, 304, 12. (Fig. 54.) 

ut t'e ga, just then, 304, 11. (Fig. 49.) 

tit' ye, immediately, 315, 6. 

ye l'o I, after that, 330, 13. 

ye dr o' tc'I, since then, 391, 12. 

wa 1'on dje/, some time after, 356, 12. 

wa te'e 6 , after that, 391, 1. 

w5n l'o e, after that, 336, 15. 

won de z§, long, 354, 14. 

wot l'o e e, after that, 364, 11. 

wo ts'et do', before that, 337, 6. 

la dai, awhile, 303, 3 (Fig. 11); a short time, 305, 5 (Fig. 67); long time, 

362, 1. 
la dai t'e, long time, 369, 5; long, 388, 15. 
la de, long, 315, 20. 
lat dai e t'e, it was long, 376 ; 5. 
linlo', at last, 394, 12. 
lin do, then, 313, 4. * 



446 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

lin do e , at once, 321, 3. 

lin do\ last time, 386, 14. 

1'g dje, after that, 351, 7. 

7a, now, 372, 10. 

7a 11 then, 305, 2. (Fig. 65.) 

7a fiin, then, 305, 2. (Fig. 75.) 

7a lin, then, 384, 8. (Fig. 15.) 

7a li lo, finally, 325, 12. 

7a hwe £ , now, 345, 4. 

7e t'e, soon, 363, 20. 

70 1'q, after thai, 334, 12. 

xa £ , then, 306, 10. (Fig. 101.) 

xa lin lo', finally, 393, 19. 

xa tse do, at first, 342, 10. 

xa tse £ do', at first, 344, 3. 

xa tsi e , at first, 379, 5. 

xa ts'e, first, 362, 2. 

xa ts'e e , first, 320, 10. 

xats'I e e', at first, 390, 12. 

xut 1'e ge, it was night, 303, 11. (Fig. 25.) 

xut l'I do, in the morning, 304, 9. (Fig. 50.) 

da', then, 318, 10. 

de wo tc'j € , as long as, 306, 12. 

do', then, 340, 11. 

do, /Am, 344, 10. . 

dg\ then, 366, 11. 

du, recently, 359, 17. 

du, now, 336, 10; 340, 11. 

du tl ne wa tc'i € ', until the present, 391, 3. 

ton t'e tc'j € , Z<m#, 332, 4. 

to t'e, Zo?2#, 338, 4. 

to/ t'e dg, long ago, 325, 1. 

tse do, before, 348, 14. 

ga, now, 303, 10. 

ga con', then, 324, 1. 

go tc'e, then, 395, 4. 

gii zo l , then, 344, 12. 

gu so, then, 305, 15. 

gii so\ once, 356, 10. 

gii do% then, 395, 16. 

gii tse do, formerly, 316, 9; before, 316, lQf 



1917. 



Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 



447 



gwot dg, then, 391, 15. 

ga, then, 302, 14. (Figs. 1, 74.) 

ga lin, then, 310, 6. (Fig. 166.) 

ga lin lo, then, 312, 5. 

gahwe € , then, 313, 3; 331, 13. 

ga dju', again, 350, 4. 

ga tcii, again, 350, 5. 

ga k'a, yet, 335, 8. 

gu e t'e, quickly, 304, 10; 314, 17; 317, 2. (Fig. 52.) 

gu e t'e, early, 377, 9. 

gwa% then, 302, 4; 346, 12; 376, 14. (Fig. 37.) 

gwa II, then, 303, 13. (Fig. 33.) 

gwa 1'q € e e , after that, 334, 15. 

gwa hwe € , then, 310, 19. (Figs. 185, 186.) 

gwa k'a, still, 319, 5. 

gwe de, quickly, 316, 15. 

gwe tc'I a, soon, 350, 3. 

gwot do wo tc'i € , from that time, 390, 10. 

k'a dju, again, 301, 5; 384, 5. (Figs. 29, 90.) 

k'a tcii, again, 320, 8. 

k'o', first, 336, 11. 

k'ut djo, again, 359, 12. 

MANNER. 

ai yi k'e, the same way, 330, 14. 

in la zo e , all together, 317, 8. 

in da wo de dla € , hard, 335, 1. 

e in t'l zo, suddenly, 376, 16. 

i t'l zo, suddenly, 304, 8. (Fig. 46.) 

on djo, well, 304, 6. (Fig. 43.) 

on djon, well, 311, 14. 

on tee, strong, 393, 5. 

on tco, plainly, 354, 2. 

u djo, good, 353, 2. 

u dju, good, 304, 5. (Fig. 42.) 

u tco', good, 351, 9; well, 320, 18. 

won djo, well, 336, 14. 

won djo, right, 328, 8. 

won dju', good, 330, 2. 

won tco, well, 324, 7. 

wo jo, weW, 361, 12. 



448 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

wo tea, much, 361, 15. 

wq tco, well, 331, 6. 

na dli, again, 336, 6. 

na k'a ce, so short, 347, 6. 

te won t'i e, just the same, 391, 6. 

son 6 , in vain, 344, 11. 

su. e , in vain, 341, 15. 

sun e , in vain, 347, 14; 364, 16. 

cu e , hardly, 320, 16. 

cii e , m win, 303, 13. (Fig. 33.) 

70 djg, well, 375, 12. 

xa lin \q\ thus, 393, 7. 

xa da, just, 315, 15. 

xat ti € a, just, 327, 5. 

xat t'e, just, 341, 9; for no reason, 369, 3. 

xa t'e, thus, 320, 5. 

xon dje, good, 394, 3. 

xon djo, well, 380, 1 1 . 

xo tco, good, 322, 14. 

xon t'e, thus, 322, 3. 

ten da', alone, 352, 16. 

ti da', alone, 328, 7. 

tj da, a/one, 318, 16; 333, 9. 

ti da zo, alone, 325, 12. 

ts'i e on tel, straight, 324, 17. 

ts'i € on gi, straight, 324, 14. 

ga xut ye € , just, 302, 5. 

gii djo\ safely, 337, 1. 

ga gii la, nearly, 355, 2. 

gii et de, quickly, 345, 17. 

gii e t'i, quickly, 311, 7. 

gii yo', #oorf, 387, 16. 

ke tsj, ^2//?/, 324, 12. 

ke tsi € , s/t/Zz/, 324, 13. 

k'a la zg, nearly, 332, 5. 

k'a la zo € , nearly, 335, 9. 

k'a la' zon, nearly, 375, 20. 

k'a la jo e , nearly, 375, 7. 

k'al la, nearly, 348, 10. 

k'ul la, nearly, 336, 15. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 449 



DEGREE. 

a 7a xut te ye, just, 302, 6. 
e wo 6 1 zij e , only, 303, 11. 
I zo\ only, 315, 4. 
e o zo € , oreZy, 310, 15. (Fig. 165.) 
ut € e, j?is£, 375, 15. 
wayii, too, 380, 16; 391, 5. 
wa yu kV, too, 391, 6. 
wo te, right, 302, 3. 
wo te, just, 302, 3. 
wot ye, very, 310, 11. (Fig. 190.) 
II, very, 307, 2. (Fig. 109.) 
IP, rea//?/, 361, 14. 
\\, too, 305, 1. 
\\, right, 331, 9. 
lin, exactly, 360, 17. 
lin, jwstf, 326, 13. 
. lin do, very, 303, 8. 
tin do, just, 307, 9. (Fig. 121.) 
lin do, altogether, 335, 11. 
lj do', completely, 377 ', 8. 
zo, on/?/, 302, 3. (Fig. 104.) 
zo\ only, 317, 4. 
zo% on/?/, 305, 4. (Figs. 30, 68.) 
zo e , o?i/?/, 317, 3. 
zon 6 , only, 388, 15. 
jo, only, 325, 13, 
jo', only, 352, 14. 
jo € , only, 341, 9. 
xa t'e, just, 313, 8. 

xiit t'e, just, 352, 4; 357, 5; 387, 2; /or nofe#, 352 ; 
hwo ye, more, 348, 5. 
da t$, deep, 380, 14. 
djo, too, 304, 10. (Fig. 52.) 
gwon djo, very, 334, 3. 

ASSENT AND NEGATION. 

ai xe, yes. 

a xa e , yes, 306, 12. (Fig. 93.) 

€ a xa, yes, 369, 14. 



450 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

a du, not, 302, 16. (Fig. 4.) 

e du, not, 376, 16. (Fig. 10.) 

in du e, no, 325, 14; 386, 7. 

i he e , well, 328, 14, 17. 

I he € , yes, 323, 13. 

[ he e , all right, 357, 4. 

yu la, do not, 319, 15. 

yu la 1 , do not, 352, 9. 

yu la", do no£, 369, 8. 

yu la € , do not, 372, ,2. 

do wa, wo, 307, 17. 



1917 ] - Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 451 



Conjunctions. 

6 a' yi da 7a, by that means, 334, 2. 

a yi k'e, by means of that, 329, 5. 

a wo 6 , but, 303, 9; 309, 10. (Fig. 66.) 

a won 6 , but, 346, 10. 

e a won 6 , but, 376, 15. 

a won 6 a t'l a won, nevertheless, 387, 12. 

a wo ne 6 , to, 316, 20. 

a wo lj, even, 380, 6. 

a xo ll 6 , but, 369, 2. 

a xwon k'e wq\ never mind, 346, 8. 

a ko lj 6 , because, 361, 15. 

6 e', focanse, 329, 17; 330, 13; 338, 3. 

e won, but, 348, 12. 

6 e YQn 6 , but, 375, 17. 

e7on 6 , because, 375, 12. 

6 e' xon, because, 368, 14. 

e he 6 , that was why, 305, 17. 

i e he 6 , that is why, 307, 1. 

1 ye xa 6 , and, 327, 13. 

Iwo, because, 311, 8; 314, 5. 

1 wo, because of that, 325, 15. 

Iwo', but, 307, 7. (Fig. 115.) 

iwo', nevertheless, 307, 9. 

I won la, thai is why, 327, 15. 

I wo la, that is why, 316, 17. 

inka,/or, 317, 17. 

in k'ai, never mind, 359, 9. 

6 in k'ai, nevertheless, 319, 15. 

i 7a da, by that, 314, 6. 

1 he 6 , because, 314, 17. 

6 j k'ai, nevertheless, 320, 9. 

0', and, 303, 13. 

6 o, well, 320, 2. 

on, and, 305, 7. 

u, and, 305, 20. (Fig. 85.) 

u ka, because of which, 320, 13; tfAerf is why, 367, 12. 

6 u ka, because of which, 320, 15. 



452 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History.- [Vol. X, 

ut ye, without cause, 308, 18. 

yi da y&i, because of her, 383, 16. 

wo', although, 394, 10. 

wo 6 , but, 302, 7. 

wqS but, 327, 14. 

x5n di a wo 6 , nevertheless, 326, 2. 

xon te wg e , nevertheless, 304, 13. 

xon t'e a won 6 , nevertheless, 328, 12; 359, 1 

xon t'e e won 6 , nevertheless, 324, 11. 

xon t'e won 6 , nevertheless, 329, 15. 

xon t'6 wo € , Ma£ 25 why, 315, 6. 

xon tc'e yg, nevertheless, 394, 9. 

xontc'Iawo 6 , nevertheless, 307, 17. (Fig. 130.) 

xo de 6 , a/w, 364, 3. 

xq di wo 6 , nevertheless, 326, 1. 

xo t'l wq, nevertheless, 306, 4. 

hwo k'e ci, on account of that, 389, 16. 

da 7a, /or Mai, 378, 15. 

dju', too, 328, 16; 396, 6. 

tcu, too, 313, 2. 

ga (k'a), wfo/, 329, 14; then, 306, 6.- (Fig. 92.) 

gwa 6 , then, 307, 6. (Fig. 120.) 

gwahwe 6 , then, 310, 17. (Figs. 185, 186.) 

-yu, one conjunction is enclitic. 
6 a' yu, snowshoes, 386, 19. 
ts'ut do yu, children too, 377, 8. 
da ne yu, man and, 352, 7. 
im ba yu, weasel too, 394, 9. 
li za yu, a'oa and, 352, 7. 






1917.1 Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 453 



Postpositions. 

The usual number of postpositions which occur in other Athapascan dia- 
lects are found in Beaver and in almost every instance the identical particles. 
With the nouns and pronouns with which they are joined they are nearly 
equivalent to compound nouns or a possessive complex. Those have been 
listed here which have no independent substantive use. 

-a, for, to, with force of dative case. 

ya, to him, 304, 3; for him, 305, 9; 320, 8. (Figs. 31, 71, 78.) 
ma, for him, 320, 8; to them, 329, 4. 
gu ya, for them, 316, 10; 388, 14. 
sa, for me, 308, 6. (Fig. 149.) 

-ehe', -he', - € e\ with (instrumental, not accompaniment), because. 

tac e e he', with arrows, 324, 15. 

€ e yi e e, he, because, 350, 13. 

e yi e he e , because of that, 321, 13. 

I xe € , with, 354, 1. 

yi he, with it, 330, 6. 

gl yi he', with it, 374, 11. 

yac e e\ with snow, 393, 14. 

yu e e', with medicine, 390, 2. > 

\\ e e\ with dog, 352, 1. 

me e e e*, with it, 392, 1. 

tac € e', with arrows, 390, 8. 

me, with that, 336, 8. 

be, with, 343, 13. 
Jicarilla, be, with, 15, 15. 

-yii e, -yu € e', under, beneath. 

ye yu e, under him, 317, 3; 364, 15. 

yi yu e, under it, 305, 8; 337, 13. (Fig. 78.) 

na yii e, under the ground, 333, 17. 

ca yii e, under me, 317, 2. 

•e ki yu e e', under a beaver lodge, 381, 8. 
Hupa, mi ye, under it, 175, 6. 
Kato, o ye', under, 79, 14. 

-wo, -wo e , for, after. 

ga wo, for rabbits, 357, 7. 
tea wo e , for beaver, 313, 1. 



454 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

-won, for (?), for the purpose (?). 
e yi won, for that, 345, 7. 

-nl e , -ni, in front of. Cf. -ni', face, p. 409 above, 
ya ni e , in front of them, 327, 11. 
yam', in front of them, 327, 11. 

-nus to we, -nus twa^ -nac twa,, without the knowledge of. 
yun nus to we, without his knowledge, 308, 15. 
mun nus twa_, without his knowledge, 307, 15. (Fig. 126.) 
ye nac twq,, without his knowledge, 390, 1. 
ye nuc twa/, without their knowledge, 343, 17. 
yun es to I, his knowledge, 308, 16. 

-1'6, -Yq e, offer, m ^e absence of, that is, after one has left. 

wa Yq, after that, 391, 2. 

ye To, m Ais absence, 303, 19. 

me To wa, m his absence, 360, 1. 

sa l'o, after sunset, 385, 13. 

tea* Yq l, after beaver, 345, 9. 

gu Yq i dji € , after them, 382, 11. 

ya l'g e, behind her, 314, 17. 

wo Yq e, afterward, 341, 9. 

dun ne l'g e, after the people left, 313, 18. 
Chip., ne i/a Gai, in your absence, 23, 8. 

-7a, fo/, beside. 

1 7a 1 , beside each other, 370, 2. 

ya 7a, beside him, 386, 9. 

ye 7a, beside her, 355, 3. 

ne 7a 1 , beside you, 387, 4. 

kon 7a, by the fire, 323, 14. 
Chip., se Ga, by me, 33, 16. 
Hupa, xo wun, to him, 97, 1. 
Jicarilla, yl Ga, beside it, 42, 10. 
Nav., bl'gha'gi, along side of, p. 26. 

-7a, because of, by means of. 
e yi 7a, because of that, 348, 1 . 
€ e yi 7a, with that, 333, 15. 



1 While collecting word lists e k'uz ze was given for between. The confusion resulting 
from the various transcriptions is unfortunate. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 455 

-7a za, -ga je, 1 between. 

1 ga ze dji 6 , between, 309, 8. 

xic 7a za, between mountains, 301, 5. 

de tcin ga je, between sticks, 341, 15. 

-dai, -da, ahead, in front of. 

ye na dai, in front of him, 339, 15. 

yet dai, ahead of him, 361, 15. 

]i wo dai, one ahead of the other, 310, 1. 

7U dai, ahead of them, 361, 16. 

yet da, before him, 340, 1. 

yet da, in front of them, 335, 15. 

yl da e, in front of them, 352, 14. 

ce na da, in front of me, 335, 10. 
Jicarilla, yi da 6 , in front of it, 13, 9. 

-da cl xa. 

gu da ci xa, around them, 359, 11. 

-da 7a, -da7 7a, -dtry 7a, for, in the sense of waiting for. 
cet da 7a, waiting for me, 371, 5. 
cut da 7e, for me, 375, 4. 
be da 7a 6 e', waiting for him, 370, 5. 
yet da7 7a, for him, 384, 9. 
mut dtl7 ya, for him, 303, 20; 313, 10. 
na dii7 7a, for you, 302, 15. 

-di, without. 

a xai dV, without you, 359, 2. 

e di, without, 360, 7. 

e di, without, 304, 12. 
Chip., ye di, without him, 20, 1. 

-di ge, above. 1 

gu di ge, above them, 381, 9. 

-do na. 

ye do na, opposite side, 327, 8. 

-dji 6 , place at, there (?). 

ai yi 1q dji 6 , the end of it, 324, 16. 
6 j da dji 6 , on each side, 347, 4. 

1 See, yi di ge, up there, an adverb of place, p. 440. 



456 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

ma tun ne djl € , his road, 307, 19. 

da kwe e djl e , to his own camp, 328, 6. 

ta ne 1'ai djl € , at the bottom of the water, 344, 6. 

-ta, among. 

ai yl ta, among them, 316, 19. 

a xut ta, among us, 339, 12; 396, 2. 

ye ta, among them, 307, 8. (Fig. 120.) 
Hup a, mit tax, amongst, 310, 10. 
Kato, ye bl* ta', houses among, 171, 17. 
Jicarilla, yl ka, among, 25, 6. In Jicarilla every t becomes k. 

-ta di dje, middle. 

sa ge ta di dje, river middle. 

-tus, -tais, beyond, over. 

ma tus, over it, 394, 17. 

mut tuc, over, 394, 18. 

tu tais, over the water, 332, 1 1 . 
Chip., be ted, beyond. 
Hupa, xo tis, over him, 121, 10. 
Kato, 5 tus, beyond it, 77, 12. 

-t'a, inside, near. 

in t'a, toward each other, 394, 18. 

€ in t'a di ts'it el e, it sticks together, 328, 15. 

I t'a, inside, 315, 19. 

ye t'a, near them, 383, 17. 

ye t'a, to him, 323, 6. 

yl zi € t'a, in him, 353, 11. 

nun t'a, m tfAe ground, 335, 14. 

sat t'a, m^A me, 351, 5. 

du ye t'a, in the cache, 375, 17. 

t'a jj in, 348, 10. 
Chip., be ta, to it, 25, 13. 

-t'a dji 6 , -t'a tci, -t'a ji, with, because of. 
t'a dji € , on that (I live), 304, 3. 
ye t'a dji e , because of him, 369, 18. 
e yl t'a dji, with that, 322, 15. 
ye t'a tci, with him, 352, 18. 
but t'a ji, with, 352, 16. 

-ts'e do, before, before the time. Composed of -ts'e, first, and -dg, the 
time of or when. 






1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 457 

dun ne ts'e do, before the people, 362, 1. 
Cf. -I'o, after. 

-tea 6 , on account of, because of. 
tea 6 , on account of, 389, 14. 
e yi tea 6 , on account of that, 321, 14. 

-tee don, -tco do'. 

ye tee don, ahead of them, 384, 5. 
ya tco do', ahead of him, 304, 10. 

-tcon, -tco, between. 

gi tcon, between them, 387, 8. 
me teg, between them, 387, 7. 

-tc'a € , -tc'a, -tc'o, from, away from. 

ye tc'a 4 , from it, 342, 12. 

tc'a 6 , from, 336, 18. 

ye tc'a, from him, 368, 1, 

ma tc'a, from it, 396, 5. 

me tc'a, from them, 389, 13. 

de ci ne tc'a, on account of the Cree, 382, 4. 

ye tc'o, from him, 372, 10. 

ye tc'o ta, from her, 376, 11. 

gii ye tc'o 6 , /rora £Aem, 315, 10. 
Chip., se tc'a ze, from me, 40, 3. 
Hupa, hwik kya, from me, 266, 15. 
Jicarilla, yi ts'a, from them, 62, 2. 
Nav., slts'ajl, away from me, 29. 

-te'e a. 
ye te'e a, in front of them, 318, 6. 

-tc'I, -ts'i, from, that is, /Ae source of. 

a yi tc'I, from that one, 322, 9. 

wa tc'I, from this time, 306, 12. 

ne tc'I, from you, 336, 16. 

xa k'l tc'I, from buffalo, 311, 8. 

7jfit dai ts'I, from an animal, 323, 7. 
Chip., ne ts'I, from you, 11, 17. 

-tc'j 6 , toward, in the direction of. 

ya tc'j 6 , toward the sky, 305, 3. (Fig. 75.) 
ye' tc'j 6 , to it, 305, 2. 



458 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X,. 

wo tc'j e , toward it, 311, 4. 

mut tc'jS to it, 315, 6; to him, 324, 3. 

ne tc'j 6 , to you, 341, 7; 347, 2. 

nun tc'j 6 , to the land, 338, 8. 

cac tc'j e , to bear, 347, 8. 

ce tc'i € , to me, 347, 7. 

xat da tc'j € , toward moose, 353, 7. 

go tc'I € , thither, 309, 16. 

gu ts'I 6 , towards them, 371, 19. 
Chip., dje0 ts'un 6 , toward hook, 25, 12. 
Hupa, xo tcin, toward her, 98, 9. 
Kato, o tc'ufi 6 , to him, 79, 9. 
Nav., bich'i" (bi ts'j e ) toward it, Vol. II, p. 56, top. 

-ga, by, at the edge of. 
ye ga, to them, 317, 11. 
mtlk ga, by him, 310, 8; with him, 384, 3. 
lu ge ga', by the fish, 350, 5. 
cis k'a ga, along the mountain, 324, 9. 
be ke ga, beside his foot, 387, 6. 
gu ga, to them, 302, 9. 
See -7a, above. 

-kai he. 

xic kai he, above the mountains, 301, 14. 

-ka, -n ka, after, for it. 

a xain ka, after you, 359, 2. 

wo ka, about it, 331, 8. 

ml ka, after him, 318, 17; for it, 307, 11; for him, 352, 11. (Fig. 124.) 

\\ ka, for each other, 389, 16. 

de cin ne ka, for Cree, 354, 7. 

ka, about it, 342, 4. 

ka, to it, 331, 5. 

yin ka, for him, 352, 17; for them, 307, 6. (Fig. 118.) 

won ka, toward,. 331, 4. 
Chip., be ka, for them, 36, 5. 
Hupa, xo xa, for him, 140, 7. 
Kato, no kwa, for us, 181, 7. 
Jicarilla, yl ka, after them, 38, 12. 
Nav., ba/kasha/, I go for it, Vol. II, p. 48. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 459 

-ka ze, -k'a zi, -k'a je, by the side- of. 

tu k'a ze, one side of the road, 367, 6. 

k'a zi, owe si'de, 328, 3. 

tu k'a je, by the trail, 391, 9. 

Cf. ye k'e da, along side of him, 325, 2. 
Chip., ye Ga k'M e, Jm'(fe it, 29, 13. 

-ke da, behind. 

ye ke da, behind him, 381, 18. 
ce ke da, behind me, 381, 18. 

-k'e, on. 

es tun ne k'e, on the ice, 339, 13. 

In k'e, on that, 313, 2. 

wo k'e, on, 337, 5. 

mi ge € k'e, on the lake, 379, 13. 

nun k'e, on ground, 332, 14. 

cis k'e, ow mountain, 357, 10. 

xa k'ai k'e, on the buffalo, 318, 8. 

bick'e, on knife, 386, 11. 

du k'e, o?z an island, 388, 6. 

tu tcok' k'e, on the ocean, 333, 9. 

k'e, on it, 306, 15. 
Chip., be k'e, on it, 30, 12. 
Hupa, muk kut, on it, 104, 8. 
Jicarilla, bi k'e, by them, 17, 6. 
Nav., bi k'i, on it, 135. 

-k'e, after, behind. This may be a related meaning of -k'e, given above, 
ye k'e, after it, 305, 3; after him, 358, 5. (Fig. 75.) 
yj k'e, after it, 302, 10. 
yl k'e, after him, 358, 5. 

dun ne k'e, after the people, 312, 6; 314, 7; 318, 5. 
gu k'e, offer them, 319, 5. 

-k'e tc'I 6 , -k'e tc'e € , -k'e dji € , like, resembling, in the manner of. 
Used with nouns but not with pronouns, 
xa k'ai k'e tc'I € , like buffalo, 388, 18. 
dun ne k'e tc'j e , like people, 361, 5. 
dun ne k'e tc'e e , like people 354, 2. 
xut da k'e dji € , moose like, 372, 10. 
e te'u^a' k'e ne, foreign way, 386, 10. 



460 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

Some element which in contracting results in -5', -on, to, by, from. 
yo\ to her, 376, 16. 
yo\ from him, 368, 6. 
mo', on him, 353, 6. 
sa', to me, 393,. 9. 
con, to m£, 348, 1. 
con, from me, 352, 16. 
kwon, to them, 388, 5. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 461 



Interjections and Exclamations. 

ai e si, well, 307, 16. 

e«, E — , 332, 5. 

I, eh, 302, 8. 

hV, 6e/zo/c/, 332, 9. 

hV, / wish, 315, 16. 

xa,well, 301, 15; 303,3; 326,1. 

xa e , well, 305, 1; here, 304, 10; *Ae?i, 306, 10. (Figs. 53, 101.) 

xut, oh, 310, 9. (Fig. 169.) 

xwii V, xwui, 337, 12. 

tsi% it was, 320, 19. 

tce e , hold on, 343, 14. 

tc'e, hold on, 319, 6. 

tcV, hold on, 319, 5. 

gu no', / wish, 339, 10. 

gulo € , I wish, 315, 11. 

gu lu e , / ivish, 315, 14, 15. 

gu zo, behold, 312, 13. 

gu jo, suddenly, 349, 5. 

gu jo', behold, 351, 4. 

ke e , weW, 305, 19. (Fig. 189.) 

ko no, / wish, 393, 4. 



462 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 



Verbs. 

The verbs of Athapascan form the great body of any of its dialects since 
they are practically complete sentences. Their structure has been discussed 
in various connections, the remarks concerning the Chipewyan verbs on 
page 126 of this volume in particular being especially applicable to Beaver 
also. The elements entering into the verbs are listed in the order in which 
they occur in the verbs themselves: prefixes of several ranks, stems, and 
suffixes. 

ADVERBIAL PREFIXES. 1 

6 a-, 6 o, a prefix occurring with a limited number of stems in verbs meaning 
to be, to do, to say. Its meaning is uncertain but it may serve as 
an object or in the place of one. 

ai le, they are, 304, 11. (Fig. 53.) 

% e \ lg, he had, 378, 10. 

6 aye e \, they did it, 383, 19. 

6 a ye dl 6 ak'e he, the way he told him, 352, 1. 

6 a yin la 6 , he caused, 303, 1. (Figs. 9, 109.) 

a wa' dlj, make, 314, 18. 

a wg\ was killing them, 375, 1. 

6 a won dla 6 , he caused, 310, 1. (Fig. 163.) 

a won t'e, you are?, 336, 16. 

£ a wg sun, they make, 350, 9. 

6 a' na wac die, / will make, 349, 9. 

a na wo dja € , it happens again, 335, 8. 

a di, he means, 307, 6. (Fig. 116.) 

6 a dja 6 , it went, 305, 2. (Fig. 63.) 

at tcuk', (they) were crying, 359, 8. 

a t'i, he was, 303, 3; it was 317, 2. (Fig. 11.) 

6 a*tc'e le, they fixed, 392, 19. 

a tc'et di, they said, 333, 5. 

a ku di, he thought, 305, 1. 

on la 6 , he made, 338, 6; 370, 5; 346, 11. 

€ gn la 6 , he got, 352, 4. 

6 on t'e, you are, 320, 4. 

1 Comparative material will be found for Chipewyan beginning with p. 127 above; Hupa. 
1. c, p. 39; Kato, 1. c, p. 43; Chasta Costa, E. Sapir, University of Pennsylvania, The Uni- 
versity Museum, Anthropological Publications, Vol. II, p. 301, 1914. 






1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 463 

on-, Q-, a prefix meaning back, in retracing one's steps; probably the same 
prefix means with other stems, to abandon, to desert, to throw away. 
6 q non dja, he came back, 379, 17. 
€ q no dja, he came home, 358, 3. 
on des ya, he started back, 307, 10. (Figs. 123, 150.) 
e Q 7m del, they went back, 368, 6. 
€ q din da, go back, 320, 1. 
gn ye de te, she deserted him, 333, 14. 
on de xul, / threw it away, 394, 16. 
e on dl te, throw it away, 372, 2. 
ofi gi de tl, they threw him away, 322, 18. 
on kii des la, he threw them away, 322, 11. 
e 6 ce de t[ € e, he threw me away, 376, 14. 
q da' wo tel I, we will throiv it away, ?Ti2, 11. 
q dus tel, I will desert him, 333, 14. 

ya-, up, into the air. 

ya I la, jumped up, 364, 15. 

ya na o wa dlete, throiv up, 335, 10. 

wo-, won-, used of space and with subjects which are intangible or 

absolute as of darkness and weather. 

Compare go-, below, 
won tca € , large, 373, 9. 
won tea di, was large, 303, 6. (Fig. 20.) 
wo \[, there will be, 314, 12. 
wo li, was there, 315, 12. 
wo jii, good, 361, 4. 
wo 7m letc, they were, 382, 4. 
wo da gac,-^ was dark, 394, 1. 
wo dlo, were many, 333, 4. 

na-, evidently refers to position on or movement over the surface of land 
or water as distinct from a position above, when da-, is used, 
na e a, it stands, stands up, 355, 7; 355, 6. 
na *a' dot, he was making signs along, 331, 5. 
na zut, it stood, 393, 13; 395, 8. 
na sut ti, I will stand, 341, 6. 
nac 1'ic, I ran, 394, 17. 

nai 7iit da 1'itc, he chased him around, 310, 4. 
na ni dok' lo, he had made tracks, 352, 13. 
na 7a ol, were swimming, 376, 10. 



464 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

na 7a ye\, he carried, he was carrying, 303, 20; 304, 2. 

na 7a dal, went along, 319, 5. 

na 7a kit, he is paddling back, he was paddling, 376, 7, 10. 

na 7iit 1'a, he ran, 387, 5. 

na 7ut da, something was moving, started to move, 302, 4; 324, 18; 333, 7. 

na da sa e a, stood, 337, 14. 

na date \q, he had sat there, 357, 11. 

na de\ they stay, 342, 9. 

na djut, went hunting, he hunted, 332, 16; 366, 16; 367, 2. 

na ta, look, 352, 12; 363, 6. 

na tc'a ba', were at war, 354, 5. 

na te'e di', they were living, 378, 4. 

na-, down, evidently used of movement and of objects suspended, 
naj la, he took down, he put down, 304, 10; 304, 8. (Fig. 45.) 
na 7a ya la dje 6 , goes down, 301, 12. 
na bal 1, was hanging, 364, 13. 
na ts'ut de t'e, as soon as he fell, 343, 7. 

na-, iteration : (a) to repeat an act ; (b) to retrace or undo an act. 
na ye ni t[, he brought it back, 369, 17. 
na ye 7m da e , she made him alive again, 323, 7. 
na yu ni la, he threw back, 339, 17. 
na na wo tec, we will lie down again, 359, 9. 
na 7un nes tj, she lay down again, 311, 11. 
na din da', go back, 369, 15. 
ni na ye dl la', he took back, 303, 15. (Fig. 27.) 

-ni-; -ne-, -nu-, referring to movement toward or position on the ground, 
ni I ya, he got up, 304, 10. (Fig. 50.) 
ni ye ni la, he put them down, 343, 5. 
ni ye t\, he put her, 301, 16. 
ni wo ni sut, rushed up, 303, 13. (Fig. 26.) 
ni nac e a, / was setting (traps), 394, 6. 
ni 7a ni del, they came, 344, 5. 
nes da, she sat down, 334, 9. 
Cf. sut da, she sat, 334, 10. 
nes t[ ye, he ivas lying down, 304, 6. (Fig. 44.) 
nes ti, he lay down, 303, 8. (Fig. 22.) 
nut te, he slept, 303, 7. .( Fi g- 21.) 

With the element -di-, usually separated from ni- and standing nearer 
the stem which in most cases it immediately precedes the meaning is up 
from the ground. 






1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 4G5 

nl ye din la, she took them up, 312, 13. 

ni ye din ti, she took it up, 311, 5. 

Cf. t'a yin tin, she put him in, 311, 6. 

nl yi dl ti, he took up, 306, 7. 

ni na ye dl la', he took back, 303, 15. (Fig. 27.) 

nl dut dl ya, he took for himself, 308, 4. (Fig. 159.) 

ni dut dl ya, he took, 307, 10. (Fig. 122.) 

no-, nu-, back. Probably nl- or na- contracted with an unknown element, 
no Yut dja, he came back, 317, 16. 
no dja, came back, 306, 2. (Fig. 88.) 
nu get, he came back, 352, 18. 

le-, li-, Id-, with a following adverbial prefix signifies reciprocal motion 
to or away from each other; the prefix alone may be a direct object 
of the verb. 

le yes la, he held them together, 340, 4. 

le wo Yut ditc, they told each other, 310, 18. (Fig. 185.) 

le Yun ne djit, they tvere afraid of each other, 347, 4. 

le dai yitc, he was breaking, 343, 17. 

le da Ya t'as, they would cut off, 347, 13. 

le da ton, it broke, 331, 11. 

le de l'a, he raced, 361, 14. 

le dun ne cii, growing together, 309, 8. 

tj la Yin jq, they began to kill each other, 377, 5. 

li xal, he broke, 330, 8. 

li t'as e 1q, he cut off, 347, 14. 

ni Iuy Yut ye % they saw each other, 310, 17. (Fig. 174.) 

to na Ya t'atc, they met each other, 355, 14. 

xa-, xo-, out, used of motion out of the ground or other mass, also of 
receptacles, 
xain la e e*, he took out, 319, 7. 
xai Yait la, he jumped out, 396,, 10. 
xa ya Yin ton, he pidled it out, 323, 15. 
xa se tc'e so, he ran out after them, 395, 2. 
xadawassil, they run out, 316, 12. 
xon na date, does he come out, 301, 14. 
xon da ditc, he pulled his hand out, 309, 11. 
xwon ts'et tetc, they took him out, 348, 1*0. 

xa-, thus, in a manner already indicated. 
xa yin lai, that way he did, 336, 10. 



466 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

xa won t'e ci, that way it is, 386, 7. 

xa si t'e, we do this way, 371, 15. 

xa cin la e , it happened to me, 394, 14. 

xa da tc'e e intc, they kept doing that, 335, 10. 

xa dja 6 , it happened thus, 369, 19. 

xa-, not of sufficient definiteness to assign to either of the above or to 
characterize, 
xa won tj, e I % took his ivife away, 368, 6. 
xa wo 7m kin, they began to shovel off a place, 379, 11. 
xa na ya 7m tj, he took him down, 361, 3. 
xa nes tetc, they lay down, 359, 7. 
xa 7"dt da, he was watching, 331, 6. 
xa 7ut da, he lived through (the winter), 379, 11. 
xat yel, he gnawed off, 309, 2. 
xin xats, he gnawed, 309, 3. 

xo-, back', na- is used of returning from a completed journey, xo-, of an 
interrupted one. 
xo 7a nl t'atc, they turned back, 385, 1. 
Cf . xo nl t'l yi, at the turn, 302, 6. 

da-, of position or motion when the place is higher than the ground, 
da a Yq e le e e e e, they used to, set, 303, 7. 
da ye t'ok e dl e he € , because he shot up, 305, 1. (Fig. 66.) 
da sa kits, tipped up, 304, 19. (Fig. 62.) 
da si I'a, we jumped, 394, 18. 
da cit tc'j, we were sitting, 396, 3. 
da de ts'I yi, where they were sitting, 337, 3. 
da' ts'I, sit, 371, 4. 

de-, relating to fire. 

da de hit, he used to burn, 370, 16. 

de wq k'on, build, 374, 9. 

de des k'g, caught fire, 337, 3. 

■de des k'gn, burned, 339, 7. 

de des k'on, it burned, 343, 5. 

de dl k'a/, they kindle, 392, 8. 

tsl de 7m la, he threw in the fire, 304, 9. (Fig. 48.) 

ta-, away from. 

ta na de 1'e, ran away, 364, 16. 

ta na din I'a, you run off, you are running away, 327, 13; 387, 3. 

ta 7a de I'a, they ran away, they were running, 372, 13; 372, 13. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 467 

ta-, ti-, used when the initiation of the act is particularly stressed, 
ta m ts'it lo, you are beginning to starve, 356, 5. 
ta tc'et des del, they started, 363, 3. 
tin a ya ne ts'ut, they began to die, 374, 7. 
tjn ya, he could walk, 373, 8. 
t{ la yin 70, they began to kill each other, 377, 5. 
tj 7a ne lii, they began to starve him, 373, 6. 
ti da sut tcek', they started to cry, 302, 16. (Fig. 3.) 

ta-, ti-, with verbs meaning to kill, value undetermined, 
ta na ke, was killing, 323, 10. 
tas 7m wq, were all killed, 383, 3. 
ti ni wo, was killing them, 324, 6. 
ti gi un ni wo, teas killing them, 324, 5. 

te-, ti-, relating to movement into water. 

te 1'a do/, when he jumped in the water, 389, 5. 
te det ditc, he was feeling in the water, 382, 1. 
ti e l'&,he dived in, 310, 5. 
ti ts'i tV he 1 , who was put in the water, 348, 9. 
Cf . ta tc'ez ya, he walked ashore, 332, 14. 

t'a-, t'j-, in. 

t'ai ya 7m la, she put inside, 315, 10. 
t'ain ya, he went in, 384, 9. 
t'a yin tj, she put him in, 305, 9. 
t'a yin tin, she put him in, 311, 6. 
t'a na ni t'a, look inside, 315, 13. 
t'a 7m ya, he went in, 361, 17. 
t'j € q, she put in, 305, 9. (Fig. 72.) 

t'a-, t'o-, with verbs meaning to die. Compare ta-, ti-, above, a variation 
due possibly to errors in recording, 
t'ais ts'ut, she is dying, 355, 2. 
t'ais ke 1 , they began to die, 380, 17. 
t'ai ke e yg, they would die, 380, 7. 
t'a na won ts'it e c\, you will die, 373, 13. 
t'a n de ts'it, they die, 350, 15. 
t'a 7a ne ts'it, they died, 347, 13. 
t'o ts'i di, he will die, 373, 9. 
t'o kel e ci, we ivill die, 368, 12. 

tsi-, tci-, in the fire. 

tsi de 7m la, he threw in the fire, 304, 9. 



468 Anthropological Papers American Museum of. Natural History. [Vol. X, 

tci yit da gin la, he threw them in the fire, 313, 16. 

tcl ne dut dut tetc, she tried to throw herself into the fire (?), 327, 3. 

ka-, for, with verbs meaning to go after, to get. 
ka ye dj e j, look for, 358, 4. 
ka wo di, he called for them, 303, 12. 
ka wo t'a ze, we two will go to him, 309, 16. 
ka wo t'a ci, we will go to, 328, 13. 
ka nai ya, go for, 308, 12. 
ka na des ya Yq, after he is gone for, 364, 9. 
ka cii det di, he hunted for, 330, 5. 
ka des ya, he started for, 317, 10. 
ka do dji, let him go for, 308, 13. 
ka ga des € atc, they two went after, 384, 16. 
ka de ca, I will go after him, 303, 4. (Fig. 12.) 

ke-, used of approaching a body of water, river or lake, or an open place 
in the timber, 
ke na ya di del, they came down (to a river), 385, 13. 
ke na de tun na, road came to the water again, 301, 6. 
ke na di date da', he came out to (a glade), 331, 3. 
ke nl ya, he came down to the river, 310, 15. 

ke Tut din e atc, they two came to the river, 309, 17. (Fig. 152.) 
ke di ya, he came to (lake), 377, 13. 
ke din ya, he came to (river), 331, 5. 
ke do na date, they had been going, 333, 3. 
ke tcin na Yes dai lo, he crossed, 301, 7. 
ke te'e dm del, they came down to, 388, 2. 

ke-, kj-, up, used of climbing a tree or hill. 

ke na gl date, he kept climbing up, 303, 9. (Fig. 16.) 
ke y I get, he climbed, 342, 13. 
kj e Yin del, they climbed, 381, 3. 

ku-, kwe-, in, into; used of entering a house or other enclosure, 
ku e nai ya, come in, 326, 10. 
ku e Yin del, they go in, 326, 6. 
ku € [ ya, he was out of sight, 361, 17. 
ku in ya, he came in, 322, 8. 
kii ye Yin e atc, they two went in, 326, 10. 
ku yin da, go in, 322, 3. 
kii we win si, we will go in, 384, 7. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 469 

ku won ya € , you go in, 326, 6. 

ku Yai ya, he went in, 367, 11. 

ku 7a ts'ut, /6?// in, 341, 15. 

ku tc'e 7m del, they went in, 386, 3. 

ku ke ye gin la e , they put them in, 381, 12. 

kwe ya, she goes in, 391, 8. 

kwe yatc, he goes in, 355, 8. 

kwe wo ya € , go in, 329, 2. 

kwe na dja, he came in, 386, 16. 

kwl ya, she goes in, 391, 11. 

k'e-, used with stems meaning to cut and to pull making the verbs mean 
to sever. 
k'e yin yic, he broke it, 370, 10. 
k'e yin ni yltc, he broke them, 313, 16. 
k'e ne too, I broke, 396, 1 1 . 
k'e ni yic, break it, 370, 10. 
k'e ni fats, he cut off, 302, 13. (Fig. 7.) 
k'et da yitc, he broke, 368, 3. 
k'e ni xtil, he broke with a blow, 327, 17. 

OBJECTIVE PREFIXES. 

The object in the form of a pronoun stands at or near the beginning of the 
verb. For the first person singular ca-, ce-, ci-, se-, sti-, and the second 
person singular na-, ne- are found. 

xa ca le, do that to me, 348, 9. 

a ce ne le 1 , do something to me, 320, 11. 

a cin la € e e, he did it to me, 362, 8. 

sez ze xai, he killed me, 325, 1 . 

sun 7m € ak, fooled me, 308, 19. 

a xain la, he gave us, 305, 17. 

a xa dja zu. xel, they will kill us, 391, 2. 

na gus % I saw you, 307, 16. (Fig. 128.) 

ne tc'et dl, they say of you, 319, 2. 

at duk gat, he shook himself, 311, 12. 

ya-, ye-, yi-, yd-, the demonstrative used as a direct or indirect object, 
ya on la € , she made for him, 315, 15. 
ya yi € o, he gave him, 312, 2. 
ya nil letc, she brought for him, 311, 9. 
ya ni tciit, they gave him food, 358, 10. 



470 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

ye na des ya, he went home with him, 339, 1. 

ye ne eg, she reared it, 369, 17. 

ye ne djit, he was afraid of, 344, 1. 

ye' ni e ak', she fooled him, 333, 15. 

ye ze' xai, he killed it, 322, 13. 

yes got, he stabbed him 370, 10. 

ye te'e le, he left it, 352, 3. 

yln tcut, he caught them, 306, 11; 339, 16, 18. 

yl di € a', he minded him, 329, 16. 

yo' nai ya, he came up to him, 363, 20. 

yo ni e dja, he watched him, 308, 10. 

yu ni € ets, he kicked him, 308, 1. 

The objective prefixes appear clearly in the following lists, 
ni ya di tj, he took him. 
ni cat di tj, he took me. 
ni nai di tj, he took you. 
ni a xat di In la, he took us. 
ni na gut di \ la, he took you (plu.). 
ni gii yat di la, he took them. 
ml ne jit', I am afraid of him. 
cl ni djit', he is afraid of me. 
ni ni jit', I am afraid of you. 

DEICTIC PREFIX. 

tc'a-, te'e-, tc'-, seems to be used of an indefinite or unnamed subject, 
tc'a' j, someone saw, 318, 10. 
tc'a € ol da e , if a boat passed, 345, 10. 
tc'ayal, he walked, 332, 11. 
tc'a 7i*n wq, they killed, 378, 16. 
tc'a dail, they were moving, 375, 2. 
a tc'et di, they said, 333, 5. 
te'e € j € , they saw them, 354, 6. 
te'e des bak, they went to war, 386, 1. 
te'e des del, they started, 346, 15. 
na tc'I vie, they felt him, 345, 13. 

FIRST MODAL PREFIXES. 

ze-, z-, the verb to kill, stem -xai, always has z- following the deictic ye-, 
ye ze xai, he killed him, 308, 2. (Fig. 142.) 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 471 

ze* xai I la, killed, 318, 4. 

tc'e ze' xai, he killed, 332, 16. 

tse zu xai le, we will kill him, 319, 2. 

de-, di, du-, apparently refers to the initiation of an act; with a following s 
it gives the concept of progression, 
de 1'e, he ran, 372, 10. 
de zut, I was hunting, 393, 1. 
des 6 atc, they two started, 327, 5. 
des ya, I started, 359, 2. 
des la, he started away with, 369, 5. 
des so, it ran after, 395, 9. 
des 7am, was carrying, 337, 7. 
des bat, (also des bak'), went to war, 388, 1. 
des tg, she carried, 357, 13. 
des ts'I, they ivere sitting, 363, 16. 
de xus, fled, 397, 3. 
de but', was hungry, 336, 9. 
di e ts'I 6 , they were sitting, 384, 6. 
di e kj, I paddled, 355, 10. 
di ya, are you going? 337, 8. 
din ya, you go, 333, 6. 
din die, you run, 307, 17. 
din ts'uk' et de 6 , if you hear, 375, 5. 
din Yai, you carry, 372, 11. 
dis da', I was moving, 349, 16. 
di ts'uk, he heard, 370, 11; 342, 11. 
du je ci, / will go, 342, 3. 
dii jit e c[\ I will hunt, 324, 9. 
du cai, J will go, 346, 5; 338, 1. 
due xain, I will carry, 372, 1. 
dii djl 6 , let him go, 309, 6; 307, 12. 
dut lute, who carries arrows, 313, 14. 

da-, in a position before the second modal prefixes and following adverbial 
and objective prefixes. The meaning seems to be from, off, agreeing 
with di-, on p. 477. 

ca da Yiit tcit, let go of me, 388, 17. 

Cf. ca 1 tcfit, take hold of me, 388, 16. 

xa da was sll, they run out, 316, 12. 

na da sa 6 a, stood, 337, 14. 

da yam t'ats djl, he cut off, 352, 2. 



472 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 



SECOND MODAL PREFIXES. 

Most if not all Athapascan dialects have verb forms containing obscure 
elements which seem to refer to the relative progress of the act. Of these, 
two seem to have recognized force, -n- (when alone -ni-) marks the comple- 
tion of an act. It.is found with adverbial prefixes which may be interpreted 
as necessitating completed action, -y- seems to be employed of acts in 
progress. The third second modal -s-, is used of objects at rest, but also very 
regularly with certain prefixes and adverbial phrases such as de- and ye t'a. 

ni-, n-, of completed action, also with certain adverbial prefixes, 
ni ya, he came, 307, 8. (Fig. 120.) 
ni IV, came running, 303, 14. (Fig. 34.) 
k'e ni la, he placed on them, 317, 14. 
a yin la e ', he made him, 307, 2. (Fig. 109.) 1 
yin tcut, he caught it, 306, 11. (Fig. 102.) 

7a-, yi-, ytl-, of action progressing, and with certain adverbial prefixes, 
ku ya yin € atc, they (two) went in, 381, 8. 
yain te 16, he had slept, 303, 18. (Fig. 38.) 
yin li do la, when they were, 310, 17. (Fig. 174.) 
yin da, he sat, 323, 14. 
yin del, they flew off, 310, 12. (Fig. 177.) 
yin t[, lay, 374, 13. 

a ytil le\ they tried, 303, 13. (Fig. 33.) 
a ytlt da, they will live, 303, 5. (Fig. 14.) 
na ytlt 1'a, he ran, 387, 5. 
ytlt Tel, was running along, 332, 9. 

naytlt dat da', when he comes back, 305, 19. (Fig. 189.) 
ytlt tint, he was carrying, 364, 14. 

s-, used of actions which are persistent such as remaining in position. It 
also occurs with certain prefixes and adverbs, 
se € 6, lay there, 317, 4. 
se liit', were caught, 369, 6. 
se got, he stabbed, 387, 9. 
stll la, were lying, 356, 13. 
sut da', (he) sits, 302, 18. (Fig. 8.) 
silt tl, lay, 308, 17. 



1 There is some doubt whether the n in the two last verbs listed is second modal 
or whether a third modal n is present. Cf. Hupa, Bui. 40, p. 120. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 473 

<fa se tg, lay on them, 318, 8. 

des ya, he started, 307, 6. (Fig. 118.) 

des yain, was carrying, 337, 7. 

des t'atc, he cut open, 305, 12. (Fig. 12.) 

ye t'a se del, (near them) they came, 383, 17. 

-o-, -u-, with a position preceding the subject prefix, or where it is lacking, 
the stem. It denotes the future, 
da wo del e ci, we will come, 370, 5. 
xa dfT € ac e ci, they will go out, 336, 1. 

SUBJECTIVE PREFIXES. 

First person singular -c-, -s-, a reduced form of the independent pronoun 
cai on page 428 above. In certain verbs the prefix does not occur. 
Hupa and many other dialects have a vowel I or e for all definite 
tenses. 

€ a woe die, / will make, 343, 15. 

Cf . a won dla% he made. 

a due le hi, I will make, 307, 3. 

j du. cu. di, I will drive them, 341, 7. 

woe xwofi, / will kill, 389, 11. 

ne due de \\, we will go with you, 337, 9. 

niic le, / took down, 304, 9. (Fig. 46.) 

nuc tai e , I will look, 322, 1. 

yuc da e j e i, I icas living, 352, 16. 

dec but, I am starving, 319, 15. 

du cai, I will go, 338, 1. 

due xain, I will carry, 372, 1. 

Cf. dinyai, you carry, 372, 11. 

guc kel 11, I was paddling along, 355, 1 1 . 

ka de ca, / will go after him, 303, 4. (Fig. 12.) 

kwuc di, I thought, 347, 17. 

Cf. ku di, he thought, 347, 11. 

a wos li, / will get, 316, 10. 

as t'l ka la, / will be, 303, 4. (Fig. 6.) 

a 7us set, / ate it, 320, 6. 

us t'a le, I will put feathers on, 308, 6. (Fig. 148.) 

na gus % I saw you, 307, 16. (Fig. 128.) 

ziis xai lj, / will kill him, 364, 10. 

Cf. ze xaj e t de, if I kill him, 364, 11. 



474 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

7us % I saw, 318, 4. 

des ya, I started, 339, 2. 

dls da 1 , / was moving, 349, 16. 

gos tai, / will look at, 311, 15. 

on de xul, / threw it away, 394, 16. 

ne tis, / will lie down, 325, 4. 

nl la e j € [, I brought it, 367, 13. 

zl a xai, / killed, 312, 12. 

yi won, I have killed, 377, 15. 

de ya, / came, 358, 16. 

First person plural. The southern dialects of Athapascan have t, usually 
appended to a preceding syllable and standing immediately before 
the stem. But a few cases of -t have been noted in Beaver. A 
vowel; I, or u or o usually is found. The u. or o may however be 
connected with the future and have no relation to the subject. 

a wo de ci, we will live, 322, 12. 

a na u de he, we will surround (?), 318, 7. 

a tc'ul le, we will make, 318, 12. 

wo £ a ci, we will travel, 324, 12. 

Cf. 7a ac, they traveled, 324, 13. 

me yah da 7a, we will live, 324, 11. 

na wo de li, we will come, 316, 8. 

Cf. na 7a del, they came, 316, 8. 

sut du li di, we will build a fire, 317, 17. 

71 zu xai!, we would have killed him, 387, 13. 

71 1 dle £ , we stayed, 338, 4. 

de si ts'i ( i € j, we are sitting, 387, 4. 

de si k'on, we built, 396, 1 . 

di t'es, we will roast, 371, 15. 

ts'a du de li, we will go, 317, 8. 

ts'uz zu xail, let us kill him, 318, 16. 

ka wo t'a ze, we two will go to him, 309, 16. 

ka do di e li V we will 90 for, 309, 14. 

Second person singular, -ne-, -ni-, -n-; if no syllable is available for the 
attachment of the n it stands as a separate syllable with its vowel, 
but where a syllable is present it usually is appended. 

a ne le', you make, 315, 14. 

ma ne t'es, cook for him, 320, 2. 

xa ne le, get out, 367, 6. 



; 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 475 

xo ne da', turn back, 385, 5. 

yu. nl le', jump on it, 306, 10. (Fig. 100.) 

Cf. yun J' a he, he jumped on it, 306, 10. (Fig. 101.) 

mo nl I nl da, you watch them, 309, 18. 

Cf. mo nl e djV, he watched them, 309, 18. 

nl ni le', put (on the ground), 317, 3. 

Cf. nl ll, she put, 317, 3. 

tj nl ya, go, 359, 4. 

a won da, you will be, 306, 7. (Fig. 98.) 

e Q din da, you will be, 320, 1. 

me k'ain ta, look, 371, 18. 

Cf. k'ai ta *[ % he looked, 371, 18. 

ni won let, you leave, 326, 8. 

ni na din da, you cross, 333, 13. 

nl 7m 1'a, you run, 307, 19. (Fig. 140.) 

ni din le, get it, 323, 16. 

Cf. na nl la, she brought, 323, 17. 

zin xai e lj 1q, you killed him, 365, 5. 

sin da, sit (imp.), 346, 5. 

7in 7ai la, you are carrying? 343, 11. 

7m da, you live, 320, 4. 

7m tset, you ate, 320, 4. 

din ya ne, you went, 317, 17. 

din die, you run, 307, 17. (Fig. 129.) 

ta na din 1'a, you are running away, 387, 3. 

ta na de 1'a, he ran away, 387, 3. 

ku yin da, go in, 322, 3. 

ku. din di, you think, 347, 8. 

Second person plural, -a'-; but this is probably due to a contraction 
with an initial vowel. The final aspiration is the chief character- 
istic occurring also in all known dialects of Athapascan. 

awa 1 dlj, make, (plu. imperative), 314, 18. 

a na t'l, you are, (plu.), 305, 18. 

a' le 1 , you make, 339,. 5. 

wa' sit, you will run along, 315, 20. 

ca* tetc, lie down, 359, 12. 

71 zu xail, you kill, 323, 3. 

da ts'a, are you sitting, 314, 8. 

Cf. de ts'I lo, they were sitting, 314, 8. 

ta na dll, go (plu. imperative), 318, 2. 

ga e aci, go (plu. imperative), 310, 8. 



476 



Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 



Third person. The third person as subject is not represented in the verb. 
In the future which is often hortative a u appears, 
xa du* € ac e ci, they will go out, 336, 1. 
Cf. xa de € atc, they went out, 336, 3. 
da yun If, they will be, 317, 12. 
ku. du di, he will think, 387, 8. 
yi gut u le, let them take, 314, 4. 
na nu t[, let him keep you, 321, 1. 
de e a du ya e , let him come, 342, 2. 
du djl £ , let him go, 307, 12. 
du dji di, let him hunt, 333, 1 . 
Cf. de djut de, he had gone (hunting), 333, 2. 
tc'u de lj, let them come, 341, 17. 



The subjective prefixes may be more readily perceived in the following 



paradigms, 
ac t'l, / am. 

a na t'j, are you? 
€ a t'l, he is. 



a si t'I € , we are. 
a' t'j, are you? 
a gut t'j, they are. 



nuc te, I am going to lie down. 

ni te, lie down. 

nu t\\ let him lie down. 

yas da", / am alive. 
yin da'', you are alive. 
y at da", he is alive. 



€ a due dr, / know. 

gon 6 a da' na dr, do you know? 

€ a da wut di\ Ac knows. 



na wot ti, /e£ its lie down. 
na te', fo'e down (two of you). 
yun nu ti ', /e£ £Aem lie down. 

yit da", we are afo'fle. 

ya yat da', you (plu.) are alive. 

ya 7it da, they are alive. 

€ a da* e It di', we know. 

gon a da wa' di', do you know? 

e a da 7a di', they know. 



kwie di', / thought. 

ku din di*, do you think? 

ku wi di', he thought. 



ku wi dit di', we thought. 

ku do' di', do you (plu.) think? 

ku 7ut di, they thought. 



du jit, I will hunt. 
din djit, you hunt. 
du djit, let him hunt. 



da wot dji de, we will hunt. 

da' djit, you hunt. 

7ut du djit, /e£ them hunt. 



na ca jut, / was hunting. 

na cin djut, Aare ?/ow &ee% hunting? 

na djut Ac is hunting. 



na *It' djut, we are hunting. 

na ca' djut la, have you been hunting? 

na yut djut, Mcy Aave 6ee?i hunting. 



1917. J Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 477 

u sits, I am going to eat. (kwa) a giis sit, I have eaten. 

in sits, you eat. gon a gin sit, have you eaten? 

u sits € e, /^ Aim eat. at sit, /ze Aas eaten. 

THIRD MODAL PREFIXES. 

The term third modal prefix was employed in discussing certain Hupa 
verbal elements which stand immediately before the stem following the 
subjective prefix when one is present. 

-di, -t- (coming before a glottal stop -t'-), occurs with prefix na- meaning 
back or again. Since the prefix na- has the force of repetition this 
prefix containing the dental may mean from, the two together mean- 
ing back from. 

na wo di ga, it was daylight again, 303, 8. (Fig. 15.) 
na Yiit di dja, does he come back? 305, 19. (Fig. 96.) 
na des t'atc, they started back, 302, 10. 
na Yiit de t'atc, they two went aivay from, 374, 10. 
Cf. na Yin t'atc, they ttvo came, 374, 11. 

Certain stems are invariably preceded by -di. 
ya tc'e di bat, they were starving, 319, 11. 
ye di ts'uk, heard him, 324, 10. 

-n-, preceding the stem, but occurring only in the third person. For 
phonetic reasons it may have disappeared from the other persons. 
The meaning is unknown. 

xa ya Yin t\, he took it out, 361, 12. 



STEMS. 

The position of the stem is at or near the end of the complex. In its 
function it fairly well defines the nature of the act as will be observed in 
the following list in which the stem alone varies. 

des € atc, they two started, 327, 5. 

des ya, he started, 346, 16. 

des la, he started away with, 369, 5. 

des so, it ran after, 395, 9. 

des Yain, was carrying, 337, 7. 

des bak, were going to war, 362, 14. 

des da, he camped, 366, 14. 



478 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

des del, they went, 334, 3. 

des to, he raised, 330, 8. 

des t'atc, he cut open, 305, 12. 

des ts'I, they were sitting, 363, 16. 

des Id, he started to paddle, 376, 4. 

xain 6 a', it stuck out, 396, 5. 

xain € q, he took out, 386, 13. 

xain lat, he floated up, 344:, 11. 

xain del, they came out, 356, 15. 

xain ya, he came out, 390, 6. 

xain la, he took out, (plural object), 312, 10. 

xain ti, he took out (a fish), 306, 11. 

xain tsi, they pushed out, 384, 10. 

- € a', to find. 

ye wo' € a', he found him, 337, 1. 
woe a, le ci, / will find him, 335, 12. 
wo yi £ a', they found, 344, 8. 
gl € a, they found, 311, 3. 

- € a', to give commands, to speak as a chief. 
a da di a 1 , what are you saying? 315, 5. 
ye* e a', ^e gave orders, 390, 1. 
ye 7on e a', w^a^ Ae is saying, 360, 15. 
ye ge tee e a tel, /^e aaue them commands, 353, 14. 
ts'e ye de e a', Ae sm£ her, 362, 10. 
ka de € a, ^e smtf, 322, 10. 
Cf. 7a ni wo ni 0, he planned, 378, 8. 

- e a', to pa?/ attention to, to mind. Perhaps connected with the last stem. 

e 7a e a l , they were bothering, 387, 17. 

yin di di 6 a', took notice, 353, 8. 

ci di da 7Qn e a', pa?/ any attention to me, 375, 6. 

kin di ne € a', you minded it? 320, 15. 

kin di e a', /^e cared, 327, 2. 
Chip., (p. 141) - e a, to send one, to give directions. 

- € a, - € ai, to have position. Compare -*q, below, 
wo won € a, sun (?) moved, 344, 10. 
na e a, i£ stands, 355, 7; stands up, 355, 6. 
na da sa e a, stood, 337, 14. 
ni 6 a, standing, 394, 1; 396, 4. 






1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 479 

ne e a', bring it, 367, 13. 

me da din e ai si, those they are sticking out of, 314, 11. 

xain e ai, sticking out, 387, 6. 
Chip. (p. 141)- € a, - e ai, -% - € aL. 
Hupa (p. 203) -ai, -a. 
Kato (p. 59) -<ai e , - € a € . 

- € ac (- e uc), - e atc, to go, dual only. The t' preceding the stem is either 
the first person element or a modal element which is associated with 
na-, back, on p. 477 above. 

wo t'a ji, we will go somewhere, 368, 11. 

na 7a dl t'ac, they came back, 374, 15. 

na 7a t'ac, they two traveled, 339, 2. 

na da wo t'ac, we two will go back, 374, 5. 

7a € ac, ihey went along, 384, 16. 

7a nl 7un nl € ac e \q, they were married to, 366, 5. 

go da € ac, go, 328, 14. 

ka wo t'a cl, we will go to, 328, 13. 

ka7a € uc, ihey two went for, 357, 1. 

e j dl dl 7a des € atc, they met, 375, 11. 

wo € a ci, we will travel, 324, 12. 

wo t'a cl, we two will go, 368, 14. 

na 7iit des t'atc, they started back, they started, 374, 6; 385, 6. 

7ut des € atc, ihey two went, 302, 14. '(Fig. 1.) 

des € atc, they two went, 327, 8. 

ke 7ut din £ atc, they two came to the river, 309, 17. (Fig. 152.) 
Chip. (p. 141) - e as, - e az, - € ais. 
Nav. yi £ ac, ihey two are walking. 

-at', to bite. 

ml lin nl at', I bit together, 395, 4. 
Chip. (p. 143) -*aiL, to bite. 
Hupa (p. 206) -aL, -ul, to chew. 
Kato (p. 60) -al € , -aL, to chew. 
Nav. (p. 86) nnsh'al, I eat corn. 

- € a', - e ak, to fool or deceive one. 

ye ka sun na 7m a 7a, why do you fool me? 308, 19. 
niic V hi, / will fool them, 385, 7. 
ye' nl € ak', she fooled him, 333, 15. 
nanes € ak, he was fooled, 312, 1. 
sun na 7m € ak, fooled me, 308, 19. 



480 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

- e el, -*ol, to float, to go by boat, to paddle. 

na 7m e el, they were floating, 338, 8. 

de el \q, they went with a boat, 390, 4. 

na 7a e o\, they came back, 390, 4. 

na 7a b\, were swimming, 376, 10. 

tc'a € ol da, if they paddle, 345, 11. 

tc'a e oI da € , if a boat passed, 345, 10. 
Chip., (p. 143) -el, -eL, -ul. 
Ten'a, (p. 210) -ihl, to float, or to cause to float. 

- € ets, (-ets), to step, to kick, the general meaning seems to be any move- 
ment of the feet. 

ye le da nl € ets, they all stepped on, 314, 13. 

yu ni e ets 1 he, because he kicked him, 307, 18. (Fig. 132.) 

yd' ni etc, he kicked it, 356, 15. 

me di ets, / took off (snowshoes) , 395, 1 1 . 

na di t'es, he put them (snowshoes) on again, 329, 6. 

Cf. e I k'e ni e et', she spread her legs, 376, 11.- 
Chip., (p. 143) -ed. 
Jic., (p. 185, 1. 3) yl diL es, he put on moccasins. 

-% to have in one's possession, to conceal, to steal. 

a 1 e \, he had, 378, 7. 

a 7a % they had, 381, 5. 

a 7ai % they had taken, 375, 16. 

£ a ts'e % they had it, 392, 4. 

me a ye € j, who stole it! 362, 7. 

na ye ne € \, he hid, 336, 18. 

na ne % she did, 380, 8. 

nl ya % stole it, 362, 7. 

tc'e nes % they stole her, 333, 9. 
Chip., (p. 143) - e i e , to steal. 
Ten'a, (p. 209) -an, to get, to secure. 

- € j, - € Itc, to do a definite thing. 
€ a ye e \\ they did it, 383, 19. 
a wo % we will do it, 317, 8. 
a won j eel la, you will do, 351, 13. 
a ce* i, he did it to me, 320, 17. 
a 71 ye e \, they did it, 385, 17. 
xa ci € itc, we used to do this way, 326, 15. 



1917. J Goddard, Beaver Dialect. . 481 

- £ q, used of the position or moving of a single object, round or undeter- 
mined as to shape. 

ya yin € q, he gave it to him, 314, 1. 

nani € q\ he brought, 367, 19. 

ni € q, he put down, 367, 11. 

ni ye di e Q, he took it, 362, 7. 

ni di e Q, I took up, 393, 18. 

sa e Q, lay there, 373, 18. 

t'l e Q, she put in,- 305, 9. ' (Fig. 72.) 

ma wo at, you give to him, 351, 14. 
Chip. (p. 141) - e a, - e ai, - e a, - e aL. 
Hupa (p. 206) -an, -Cm, -auw. 
Kato (p. 59) -%n, -%c. 

- £ un, exact meaning uncertain. 

e de ka da wo de 6 un, they were trying what they could do, 348, 2. 

et de k'a da wo de un, they were trying their power, 354, 9. 

mut dai ya sun ne e im, they tried to prevent her, 316, 20. 

na € e € tm, he hears, 345, 11. 

nats'ene € un, they restrained him, 319, 16. 

-ya, to stand; used of men and animals, usually in the plural. 

na de ya, stood, 309, 18; (Fig. 162); stood there, 349, 7. 

ni de ya dji € , where they were standing, 339, 11. 
Ten'a (p. 213) -yo,to stand (plural only). 
Hupa (p. 212) -ya, to stand on one's feet (used in the plural only). 

-ya, -yal, -yi, to go, to travel; used in the singular only; see - 6 ac, - e atc, 
dual, and -del, plural, 
on des ya, he started back, 307, 10. (Figs. 123, 150.) 
ne ya, you go, 357, 9. 
ni ya, he came, 307, 8. (Fig. 120.) 
des ya, he started, 307, 6. (Fig. 118.) 
din ya e, did you come, 377, 14. 
ko nai ya, he came to, 303, 6. (Fig. 20.) 
a 7a yal, he was walking, 346, 6. 
gu 7ai yal, he walked along, 303, 6. (Fig. 20.) 
ma 711s yal xa, I would go behind, 393, 6. 
7ai yal, he walked, 301, 5. 
7a yal, he went, 305, 3. (Fig. 75.) 
a tc'it du yi, let him come, 315, 4. 



482 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

-ye, -yi, to be named, to call by name. 

e o ye, called, 318, 13. 

o ye, was named. 

u ye, was named, 366, 8. 

u l ye, they are named, 341, 11; his name was, 329, 8. 

di e u ye, what is his name, 302, 18. (Fig. 5.) 

u yi, called, 389, 7; is named, 325, 14. 
Chip. (p. 145) -ye e , -yP. 
Kato (p. 61) -yi. 

-yic, to find out or know a thing by subtle means, to discover. 
na ye yic, she found out, 357, 6. 
na yes yic, she knew him, 357, 16. 
na ni yic a cg € , might see you, 319, 6. 
na tc'I yic, they felt him, 345, 13. 
na gii ye yij, they saw them, 389, 2. 
Cf. et de 7a de wo yec e ci, we will get caught, 385, 2. 
et de ga da wo yel e ci, we will get caught, 385, 5. 

-yic, -yltc, to break. 

k'e yin yic, he broke it, 370, 10. 

k'e ni yic, break it, 370, 10. 

k'e yin ni yltc, he broke them, 313, 16. 

Cf . tc'e yic, rubbed up, 392, 7. 
Chip. (p. 145) -yez, yus. 
Kato (p. 62) -yic. 
Hupa (p. 220) -yeuw, to rub, to knead. 

-wq, -wo, (-70), -wu., -won, -won, to kill, to slaughter, used with plural 
objects only; cf. -xai, below. 
3-wq', she killed, 357, 5. 
a 7am wg 1q, he killed, 371, 11. 
e wq 1 , killed, 335, 2. 
ya wo, he killed them, 371, 9. 
ya7in wg, he killed, 316, 1; 315, 17. 
ya 7ut des wo, he has killed, 310, 3. (Fig. 164.) 
ye 7am wq, he killed, 367, 7. 
ye 7m wg, he had killed, 318, 7. 
ye 7m 70 lg, he killed, 319, 8. 
ye 7m wij, they have killed, 382, 15. 
ye gai won, he killed, 341, 14. 
gl won, / killed, 370, 14. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 483 

-wut', -wot, to be smart (?). 
na wut', is smart, 394, 10. 
na wot di ka, are smart, 336, 3. 

-la € , see -le 6 , -la e . 
-la, see, le, -let, -letc. 

-le, to leave, to quit. 

ye tc'e le, he left him, 326, 19; 325, 11. 

ye tc'e le, quit, 360, 4. 

ye tc'e le', he left him, 351, 3. 

me tc'e ne le, leave him alone, 346, 8. 

-le, to be bad, or mean. 

mi tc'e le, are bad, 306, 17. (Fig. 108.) " 

me tc'e le 6 j % used to be bad, 310, 12. (Fig. 181 ' ) 

-le', -la 6 , to make, to cause. 

a won le', you make, 367, 12. 

anele', you make, 315, 14. 

a le, he made, 351, 5. 

a' le', you make, 339, 5. 

6 a 7a yi le', they did it, 310, 7. (Fig. 166.) 

a tc'ul le, we will make, 318, 12. 

a yi le yo tc'e, he could do anything, 351, 3. 

6 a II ', he made, 303, 6. (Fig. 14.) 

6 a' yin la 6 , he fixed it, 361, 13. 

6 a yin la 6 , Ae caused, 303, 1. (Fig. 9.) 

a 71 yin la 6 , they fixed, 381, 12. 

a tc'in la 6 , they made, 304, 1. 

6 o la 6 , she made, 305, 8. (Fig. 77.) 

us la 1, / made, 355, 10. 
Chip. (p. 147) -la, -le, -La, -Le. 
Hupa (p. 230) -lau, -la, -lu, -le. 
Kato (p. 63) -laG, -la', -le'. 

The stems with a preceding -d, -die', -dlj, -dla 6 are probably connected 
with the last but the phonetic relation is not clear. 
6 a woe die, I will make, 343, 15. 
a wo die, we will make, 384, 6. 
6 a wo die, she made, 305, 8. 
a wo wa die', make, 371, 5. 
a wa' dli, make, 314, 18. 
6 a' wo dlj, ivho made it, 392, 5. 



484 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

a wo di dla, he made for himself, 382, 12." 
€ awondIa € , he caused, 310, 1. (Fig. 163.) 

-le, -lei, -letc, -la, of the position or moving of several similar objects. 
For some unknown reason ropes and long flexible objects are in- 
cluded under this stem. 

ntic le, I took down, 304, 9. (Fig. 46.) 

in do wa lei, you take, 314, 11. 

m won lei, you leave, 326, 8. 

no letc, you bring, 336, 17. 

ni nul letc, bring, 311, 9. 

dut lute, who carries arrows, 313, 14. 

oii ku des la, he threw them away, 322, 11. 

ye he yu ni la', he threw them at him, 339, 18. 

ye des la, he threw them, 341, 15. 

mai la, he put down, 304, 8. (Fig. 45.) 

na di la', she took up (a rope), 305, 14. (Fig. 94.) 

ni na ye di la', he took back, 303, 15. (Fig. 27.) 

sul la, lay, 375, 17. 

gu ya da sel la, he allotted, 319, 9. 
Chip. (p. 147) -la, -lai, -leL. 
Hupa (p. 227) -lai, -la, -luw. 
Kato (p. 62) -lai, -la, -lac. 

-le, -letc, -lin, -lj, to be; -die results from the dental of the modal prefix 
associated with the iterative na-. 

ai le, they are, 304, 11. (Fig. 53.) 

I le, we were, 396, 1. 

on letc a le', they used to be, 350, 3. 

ni wo le', they breed, 350, 8. 

ni le', is born, 391, 7. 

e ljn, it is, 363, 19. 
. e ll, he was, 328, 7. 

e lj, were, 343, 9. 

e lj', it was, 341, 10. 

as lj, / was, 395, 17. 

ac lj, I was, 395, 16. 

w5n lj, it is, 305, 5. (Fig. 76.) 

na woe die e ka, / will become again, 337, 8. 
Chip. (p. 147) -11, -li, -le. ' 
Hupa (p. 233) -len, -lin, -hi, -le. 
Kato (p. 63) -lifi 6 , -le. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 485 

-lu, to rain, to hail. 

ya lu, it hailed, 306, 2. (Fig. 88.) 

ta wo lu, it rained, 306, 2. (Fig. 88.) 
Kato (p. 64) -lo, hail. 

-lfiz, -luc, to draw, to drag; used of a sledge. 

des luz lg, he dragged it, 358, 6. 

a tc'u, nl ltic, someone had drawn, 303, 18.' (Fig. 29.) 
Hupa (p. 237) -los, to drag, to pull along. 
Kato (p. 64) 4 os, to lead. 

-lut, -li di, to burn', intransitive, and in one case transitive; see -hit 
for the usual transitive form, 
me' k'e des lut, he started to burn, 343, 7. 
muk k'tit des lut, he ivas singed, 303, 14. (Fig. 35.) 
ne da yin lut, burned, 337, 4. 

miik k'ut da li di I he e , because he tvould be burned, 303, 12. (Fig. 18.) 
be k'e dii li di, we will burn him, 339, 5. 

-lut', -li, to melt. 

u gut din lut', the snow melted, 380, 12. 

u 7a di \\, snow was melted, 348, 10. 

ii wat di la do', until the snow is melted, 371, 16. 

-lut, -dlul, -dlutc, to be caught with a rope, to be taken in a snare. 

sa hit I, was caught, 303, 11. (Fig. 32.) 

sa lut di, was caught, 303, 16. (Fig. 36.) 

se lut, he caught, 374, 10. 

es dlul, was caught, 364, 13. 

1 dlutc, were snared, 392, 16. 
Chip. (p. 148) -lu, -lu. 

-lilts, to urinate. 

I sill luts, he urinated, 314, 17. 

ye ta sul luts, urinated on, 396, 13. 

sul luts, it urinated, 315, 7. 

ta sul luts, urinated on, 396, 12. 

k'e wo luts us si, let him urinate on, 315, 1. 
Hupa (p. 236) -lite. 
Kato (p. 64) -luts. 

-hi, to starve, (?). 

ca 7a hi, they are starving me, 365, 13. 



486 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

71 ye hi, they were starving, 379, 5. 

tj 7a ne lu, they began to starve him, 373, 6. 

-hit, to burn; transitive: see -lut, the intransitive form. 

xa ya da ne lut, she singed them, 323, 17. 

xa ya da ne lut yii, she had singed them, 324, 1 . 

da de lut, he used to burn, 370, 16. 

get de lut, he burned, 371, 7. 
Hupa (p. 236) -lit, to burn; jp. 239) -Lit, to cause to burn. 
Kato (p. 64) -lut, -Lut, to burn. 

-hits, to shoot, the idea of hitting, wounding, seems to be uppermost 
in mind. 

e de hits, he shot, 216, 13. 

ye yet dain in tuts, he shot through them, 310, 2. 

ye da hits, he hit him, 302, 8. 

ye de hits, he stabbed him, 309, 3. 
Kato (p. 64) -La, to shoot. 

-1'a, -l'e, -1'Ic, -1'etc, -1'el, -I'll, to run, to jump. 
e' de 1'a, he ran, 340, 13. 
e* din 1'a, you ran, 347, 7. 
e tc'e de 1'a, he is running, 347, 2. 
e k'e tai 1'a, he ran away, 364, 4. 
ya k'ai na wot 1'a, he jumped to it, 325, 5. 
ye xa 1'a, ran by the others, 363, 1. 
yii n 1'a, jumped, 364, 15. 
ni 1'a', came running, 303, 14. (Fig. 34.) 
nl 7m 1'a, you run, 307, 19. (Fig. 140.) 
da* di 1'a, he started to run, 307, 18. (Fig. 18.) 
de' 1'a, he ran, 307, 18. (Fig. 130.) 
ye ye xa l'e, he could run away, 342, 13. 
na l'e, he ran, 372, 7. 

yu ni le', jump on it, 306, 10. (Fig. 100.) 
nac 1'ic, I ran, 394, 17. 
na due 1'ic, I jumped, 394, 17. 
k'a 1'etc, it ran, 324, 16. 

Ihwo € at 1'etc, he runs back and forth, 307, 14. (Fig. 139.) 
ya gi e 1'etc, she was running about, 308, 4. (Fig. 143.) 
xa da 1'Itc, they would run out, 326, 15. 
ye ga he 711 1 lei, was running close to them, 339, 14. 
7ut 1'el, he was running along, 347, 1 . 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 487 

gut I'll, he ran, 341, 9. 

ka na Yiit 1'il, he rati to, 329, 7. 

din die, you run, 307, 17. (Fig. 129.) 
Ten a (p. 21S) -tloq, 1 -tlihl, 2 to julnp. 
Hupa perhaps, (p. 238) -Lat, -La, to run. 
Kato (p. 64) -lat, -la. 

-1'e, -1'e, to attack; perhaps related to -1'a, -1'e, etc., to run, to jump. 
Ti 1'e, they attach them, 350, 12. 
€ u 1'e, he was going to attack, 349, 8. 
711 yu 1'e, he fought them off, 336, 2. 
a7iil le, attack them, 340, 11. 

- 'on, -1'ij, to braid, to tie with a rope. 

e e € e 1'Qn, he tied up, 346, 2. 

us 1'ij, braided, 397, 3. 

ma 7iit da wo I'iil, we will snare them, 314, 9. 

da a I'o e le e e e e, they used to set, 303, 7. 

dai is l'u I, the snare he had set, 303, 10. (Fig. 17.) 

da tc'e ges l'u, he tied to them, 332, 4. 

Compare don guc l'u, having cramps, 383, 9. 
Chip. (p. 148) -L'on, -L'iin, -l'u, to tie, to knot, to put on clothes. 
Hupa (p. 239) -Lon, -Lo, -Lo?r, -Loi, to make baskets, to tivine in basket 

making. 
Kato (p. 65) -Loi, -Lo, -L5n. 

-zim to be dark. 

me e e' wo' zun, it groivs dark, 335, 6. 

ga be e V wo zun, it gets dark, 335, 7. 
Chip. (p. 166) -zim, black. 

-ziit, -silt, to study, to ponder over. 
I di ziit, he was studying, 331, 8. 
k'j di sut, he began to study about it, 331, 2. 

-ziit, -sut, to stand, to stop. 

at de zut, he stood still, 326, 10. 
e' na zut, he stood there, 380, 2. 
et di e ziit, it stopped, 345, 7. 
na zut', is standing, 358, 5. 
e sut, he stopped, 342, 14. 

1 ti = ], q = x. - hi = 1. 



488 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

na sut tl, / will stand, 341, 6. 
k'e na sut di, he stood on, 332, 6. 
Cf . cac tu na zut e, bear-stands-in-the-water, 325, 14. 
Ten'a (219) -Mt, to stand. ' 

-zut, to awake. 

tc'I a ni zut, /ie woke up, 332, 5. 
Chip. (p. 150) - #et. 
Hupa (p. 253) -sit. 
Kato (p. 67) -sut'. 

-zuz to c?rm& (?). 

go zuz e, fei soup, 342, 2. 

-sat, -sut, -suz, to dance. 

da wo se sat I, dancing, 343, 15. 

da wo sut, £/*e?/ were dancing, 343, 16. 

da' wo" ts'es suz da, if they dance with them, 343, 13. 

-se, -si, to ^W5^ (?), see -tse, tsi, tsl e . 

\[ da wiT se e cj 6 , I will shove it together, 368, 15. 
e ft" dai ye des si, ^e shoved together, 369, 2. 

-set, to eat; first person only. See -tset below. 
7a set, I ate, 356, 3. 
gus set a'k'ai, I ate it, 321, 5. 

-sit, to Aeat. 

yai 1 sit, he heated, 308, 6. (Fig. 147.) 
Hupa (p. 253) -sel, -seL, to be or to become warm. 
Ten'a (p. 219) -5ihl. 

-sit, -site, to wear out {clothes). 

ye k'e wo sit, they wore out, 304, 14. (Fig. 188.) 
ye ke wo site, he could wear them out, 304, 13. 

-so, -so, -son, to chase. 

ye des so, she chased him, 316, 14. 

se de so, he chased me, 395, 3. 

gl des so, he chased him, 310, 4. (Fig. 156.) 

ye di e a son, he chased him, 326, 18. 

-suz, to put out a fire. 

te'e nes suz, they put out, 315, 9. 
Chip. (p. 152) -zus, to dra#. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 489 

-sut, to leave, to quit (?). 
da 7m siit, he left, 316, 6. 
de de sut, he quit, 366, 9. 

-siit -sit, -sel, -sit, -sail, -silts, to run, to rush, to jump. 
ye ye won siit, knocked him down, 340, 1. 
ye tc'o wo des siit, rushed on him, 307, 8. (Fig. 137.) 
wo nl sut, are running, 339, 12. 
wo de sut, they rushed, 377, 13; 354, 11. 
ni wo win siit, they jumped up, 339, 12. 
ni wo nl sut, rushed up, 303, 13. (Fig. 26.) 
le 70 de sut, they ran, 362, 16. 
a w~o des siit', they rushed off, 353, 6. 
wo dii sit, icould run, 339, 10. 
ni wo sit, would run, 316, 2. 
wa sel, they would rush, 378, 7. 
7a wa sit, were coming, 315, 17. 
wa' sit, you will run along, 315, 20. 

na wo za sail a k'e he, a^ they were rushing along, 370, 12. 
wo sail, they were running, 339, 15. 
na wos silts, they rushed, 383, 3. 
a xo na wo wo site, would come to us, 315, 16. 

-cai, -cai € (-caj € ), -ca, to go; first person only; probably from -c yai, 
-c ya, first person element and -ya, to go. 

wac cai 6 , I will go, 344, 9. 

won dii cai, 7 will go there, 369, 8. 

wo cai 6 , I will go, 357, 9: 

me da wo ca, shall I get aivayt 331, 7. 

ka de ca, I will go after him, 303, 4. (Fig. 12.) 

Cf. ne 7a nu cai, / will marry you, 364, 11. 
Chip. (p. 152) -sai, -sa, -caL. 
Hupa (p. 248) -hiv&i, -hwa, -hw&uw. 
Kato (p. 67) -ca 6 , -cac. 

-ce, -ca, -xe, to bring up, or to raise a child. 
ya ni ce, he raised, 328, 7. 
yen de ce, she raised it, 317, 1. 
nu ce hi, I will raise it, 369, 15. 
ya na xim na ci, I raised you, 325, 15. 
ye ne xe, raised him, 318, 18. 
ya ni yll tea, he raised, 325, 12. 
ye ne eg, she reared it, 369, 17. 



490 Anthropological Payers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

-cut, -cu. di, to drive; first person only: see -yut, above. 

\ du cu di, I will drive them, 341, 7. 
Chip. (p. 145) -yu, -yuL. 

-sit, to throw (?). 

de cif, he threw, 352, 2. 

-cul, to be wet. 

na cet cul, were wet, 382, 2. 
Chip. (p. 168) -tsul, wet. 

-Yai, -7ail, -7el, -7m, to carry on the back. 

et des 7ai, he carried it, 367, 8. 

ya 7ai le, she carried him, 324, 3. 

7a 7ail, she carried, 324, 2. 

7m 7ail, carry it, 372, 12. 

71 7el, we carried, 394, 5. 

ye di es 7m, she carried him, 312, 16. 

na 7a 7el, he carried, 303, 20; he was carrying, 304, 2. 

des 7am, was carrying, 337, 7. 

due xain, 7 will carry, 372, 1. 
Chip. (p. 159) -gi, -xe, -Gin -GeL. 
Hupa (p. 226) -wen, -win, -wuw, -we, -weL. 
Kato (p. 77) -gin, -gtic, -ge € , -geL. 
Nav. (p. 48) yideshgel, I carry. 

-7at, to rub. 

ya 7at, she rubbed them, 315, 18. 
Hupa (p. 224) -was, to shave off, to whittle. 
Kato (p. 76) -gats, -ga,s, to scrape. 

-yel, see -7a!, etc. 
-7m, see -7ai, etc. 

-7is, -7US, to run (?). 

ka tc'a 71s, they were runnung for, 379, 6. 
tc'a7"us, they ran, 377, 1. 
de xus fled, 397, 3. 

-xai, -x^j, -xail, -xai li, to kill. 
e ze* xai, he killed, 352, 18. 
e e* ze xai, he killed, 366, 18. 
ye ze' xai, he killed, 317, 12. (Fig. 142.) 
yi ze xai, I killed it, 396, 5. 
zus xai li, I will kill, 386, 11. 






1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 491 

ze xai, I killed, 308, 2. (Fig. 134.) 

ze' xain lo, he had killed, 312, 13. 

e zi xaj et de, if you kill, 351, 14. 

71 zu xail, we would have killed him, 387, 13. 

ts'iiz zu xail, let us kill him, 318, 16. 

ne jtl. cail e cj, I will kill you, 320, 1. 

a xa dja zfi xel, they will kill us, 391, 2. 

The first person plural has the stem with a voiced initial. 

zus si 7m, ice killed, 394, 13. 

ze wo 7ail le, ice will kill, 394, 11. 
Chip. (p. 159) -gel, to kill. 
Ten'a (p. 223) -xan, xa, -zahl, to kill. 
Hupa (p. 225) -wen, -win, -we. 
Kato (p. 77) -glfi. 
Nav. (p. 114) sisqe', I kill. 
Jicarilla Texts (p. 18, 1. 5) bi yes xl na, they killed him. 

-xail, to be dark. 

7m xail, it was dark, 303, 8. 
Chip. (p. 152) -xel, the passing of the night, relating to darkness. 
Hupa (p. 224) -weL, -wil, -wiL. 
Kato (p. 77) -gel € , -geL, -gul. 

-xal, -xul, to strike repeatedly, to beat, to beat a drum. 

u* nl xal, he was going to hit, 330, 7. 

u* xal 1 he € , he was clubbing, 335, 17. 

ye na dut de xal, he knocked down, 305, 17. (Fig. 95.) 

da € e xal, began to pound, 372, 9. 

7a ye xun ne xul, he finished clubbing her, 308, 4. (Fig. 145.) 

e xul, he drummed on, 361, 12. 

ya 7ut ya xul, he clubbed them, 307, 9. (Fig. 121.) 

ye in tc'e a de xul, he threw from one to the other, 309, 10. 

ye ya e xut, he knocked her down, 308, 4. (Fig. 144.) 

ye ne de xul, he knocked her down, 306, 6. (Fig. 89.) 

gu ya e xul, he was drumming for them, 343, 16. 

ma ta 7a!, they pounded, 336, 7. 

mtik k'a ts'et de ysl, they clubbed, 316, 17. 

Cf . II xal, he broke, 330, 8. 

on de xul, I threw it away, 394, 16. 
Chip. (p. 152) -xul, -xul, -xaL, to use a club, or to move a large stick. 
Hupa (p. 222) -waL, -wul, -wul, to strike, to throw, to scatter. 
Kato (p. 76) -gal 6 , -ga_l, -gaL, to chop, to beat. 



492 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

-xe, see -ce. 

-bat, -but, to starve, to be hungry. 

ya' di bat dii, when they were starving, 318, 10. 

ya 7a dit but, they were starving, 375, 18. 

ya di but, were starving, 312, 7. 

ya tc'e di but, they were starving, 379, 15; they were hungry, 368, 9. 

7a de but, £Ae?/ were hungry, 374, 12. 

da but, they were starving, 365, 10. 

dec but, 7 a??z starving, 319, 15. 

de but', sAe was hungry, 376, 6. 
Cf. Kato (p. 69) -ba, to be thirsty, and Hupa Texts (p. 252, 7, and foot- 
note) tim ma tciL tcwe, where tim ma means famine. 

-bet, to swim. 

ga bet, was swimming, 338, 13. 
Chip. (p. 153) -be, -beL, -bi, to swim. 
Hupa (p. 240) -me, to swim, and -men, to cause to swim. 
Kato (p. 68) -be, -bin, -bic. 

-bak, -bat, to go to war; the war band, grammatically singular, is the sub- 
ject. 

des bak, were going to war, 362, 14. 

tc'e des bak, they went to war, 386, 1. 

na tc'a ba', were at war, 354, 5. 

des bat, went to war, 388, 1 . 
Nav. (p. 213) nashba", I go to war. 
Chilula Texts (p. 293, 1.1) man 6 , war party. 

-da, -da', to travel as a company. 

ts'e di es da, they moved camp, 321, 8. 

7a dis da', they were traveling. 380, 13. 

dls da', I was moving, 349, 16. 

ts'tit dis da', I was moving, 350, 4. 
Jicarilla (p. 158, 1. 8) na dec n da, I moved camp. 

-da, -dai £ , to sit, to stay, singular only, 
won da', stay, 373, 12. 
se da, he sat, 360, 8. 

stit da, he sat there, 304, 12. (Figs. 8, 55.) 
wos dai, I will wail, 302, 15. 
woe dai, I will sit, 357, 4. 
woe dai 6 , I will sit, 323, 12. 






1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 493 

Cf . cec da e vq, I am able to marry, 368, 7. 
ya set da, she married, 362, 6. 
Chip. (p. 153) -dai, -da, to sit. 
Hupa (p. 254) -dai,, -da. 
Kato (p. 69) -dai -da. 

-da -dai 6 , to ivatch, that is, to sit near. 
et de da 7a, they waited for him, 348, 8. 
ne ga ylt da, he is watching us, 384, 3. 
nl 6 e ni da', you watch, 341, 6. 
e wds dai 6 , I will watch, 323, 12. 

-da, -dai, to eat. 

e it da, we were eating, 396, 2. 

es da, / eat, 336, 17; 304, 3. (Fig. 31.) 

" 6 etc'eda, they ate, 392, 10. 

in da Iq, he ate, 352, 6. 

ye tc'e da, they begin to eat them, 354, 4. 

f e' wo dai, ice will eat, 362, 16. 

1' da' e le, they ate, 356, 8. 

-da, -da', -dai, to live, to care for or make live. 

a 7ac da 7a, I will live, 376, 16. 

a 7ut da, they alive, 303, 5. (Fig. 14.) 

ya 7a 7it da, they icere saved, 319, 10; they lived, 323, 4; they were living, 
348, 6. 

ya 71 1 da, they were living on, 374, 16. 

ya 7ut da, she cared for it, 317, 1; she took care of him, 311, 7; he kept 
them, 378, 14. 

ya 7as sit da', they were saved with, 350, 6. 

ya wut dai ce, we are going to live, 302, 16. (Fig. 4.) 
Chip. (p. 146) -na, -nai, -na e , to live, to be alive. 

-da, -dai, -date, to go; singular only. 

e Q din da, go back, 320, 1 . 

na din da, go, 384, 2. 

e gus dai, / went, 393, 7. 

na 7a dai, went along, 319, 5. 

na7iit dai da', when he comes back, 305, 19. (Fig. 189.) 

xon na date, does he come out? 301, 14. 
Chip. (p. 153) -da, -daL, to travel, singular only. 
Hupa (p. 255) -dai, -daL, -dauw. 



494 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

-da, -date, -daitc, to chisel for beaver, to work on a beaver house. 

€ e e tcet da 6 e', he was chiseling for, 366, 11. 

e tc'ut date, he was chiseling for, 345, 1. 

e tc'ut tc'ut daitc, they were after, 311, 15. 

ut tcut date, he was chiseling, 365, 9. 

ye tc'et date, he tried to take it out, 341, 16. 

tc'et date, he worked, 345, 15. 

ye tcut tsa daitc, they were working for, 324, 2. 
Chip. (p. 154) -de, to dig with a spear. 

-de, -dl, to live, to camp, to remain in one place. 

me' na ts'et de, he lived with him, 341, 3. 

na 7ut dl e de, if he is staying there, 302, 18. (Fig. 5.) 

na de, lives, 301, 10; 328, 10. ■ 

na te'e de € j % they had camped, 349, 2. 

I na di, it is living, 308, 15. 

na dl ye, he camped, 306, 15. (Fig. 104.) 
Chip. (p. 153) -de, to stay, to remain, plural only. 

-de, -dl, to do anything, to work. 
a 7ut de, they worked, 382, 5. 
e a* de 6 e' jg, she could do anything, 333, 12. 
€ a Ytit di, they did it, 324, 13. 
€ a' dl he yo, he could do anything, 342, 12. 

-del, -detc, to fly; plural only: see -t'ak, singular, 
us del, went past, 341, 9, 11. 
Tin del, they flew off, 310, 12. (Fig. 177.) 
nais detc, they flew off, 310, 12. (Fig. 179.) 

-del, -dail, -dli, -de li, -dut to go; plural only: see -ya, singular, and - 6 ac, 
- € atc, dual, 
na Yat dail e e', you are traveling, 339, 4. 
Ya dail, was coming, 370, 14. 
Yut dail, they were going, 370, 7. 
tc'a dail, they were moving, 375, 2. 
€ q Yin del, they went back, 368, 6. 
ye des del, they went with him, 337, 11. 
wo nl del, they came to, 349, 4. 
tc'a del, were traveling about, 324, 9. 
ta na dll, go, 318, 2. 
na Ya dii de li, we will go, 385, 12. 
ne due de le, we will go with you, 337, 9. 






1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 495 

7a dul, they traveled along, 380, 18. 
Chip. (p. 154) -del, -deL, -dil, -diL. 
Hupa (p. 256) -deL, -dil, -diL, dual and plural. 
Kato (p. 69) -del e , -dtiL, to go, dual only. 

-di, to work, see -de. 
-di, to live, see -de. 
-di -ditc, to speak. 

a ye di, he said, 318, 4. 

a ca Yiit di, they said that of me, 314, 4. 

a 71 ye di, they asked him, 373, 3. 

£ a di, said it, 343, 12. 

a di, he means, 307, 6. (Fig. 116.) 

a din di, do you say that? 329, 15. 

e* di, #Ae?/ s<m£, 302, 17. 

*in di, tell him, 342, 2. 

le wo 7ut ditc, /Ae?/ fo/d eacA other, 310, 18. (Fig. 185.) 

din di, you say, 341, 11. 

a ye xo ditc, told him, 305, 18. (Fig. 84.) 

e xai wq ne ditc, tell us the news, 377, 14. 

ye' di, Ae said, 306, 10. (Fig. 93.) 
Chip. (p. 146) -ne, -ni, to speak. 
Hupa (p. 244) -ne, -n. 
Kato (p. 65) -ne, -ni -n. 

-di, to think; perhaps connected with the -di, to speak. 
a ku 7ut di, they thought, 322, 12; 247, 12. 
u di di, we wondered, 365, 6. 
yu di, she thought about it, 316, 20. 
yu tc'et di, they thought about her, 355, 2. 
kus di i, / thought, 386, 8. 

kii7ut di, they thought, 301, 2; 316, 8; 347, 12. 
ku 7ut di ye, they thought, 302, 16; 314, 8. (Fig. 4.) 
ku di, he thought, 302, 4 (Fig. 6); 317, 12. 
ku 7a de, they thought, 391, 2. 

-di, (-de), to know; perhaps connected with -di, to speak, or to think. 
a da tcii di, will be revealed, 321, 17. 
a da tc'e di, they knew, 319, 11. 
a da tc'et di, they knew, 321, 11; 319, 11. 
at da wo di, he knows, 320, 17. 
e da wut di, they knew, 349, 4. 



496 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X. 

€ e da tc'et di, they knew, 319, 12. 

et due di', I knew it, 362, 8. 

€ et da wac de, do I know, 320, 13. 

le na 7ut di, they knew (each other), 310, 19. (Fig. 186.) 

-di (perhaps -det di), to hunt. 

cu det di, they were hunting, 389, 16. 

ka cii det di, he hunted, 366, 17. 

ka cu 7a det di, they were hunting after, 385, 7. 

-ditc, to touch or handle anything with the hands, to put on or off mittens. 
yet du ne ditc, you roll up in, 316, 16. 
yu de ditc, he put them on, 309, 10. 
xon da ditc, he pulled his hand out, 309, 11. 
da ditc, he put his hands, 309, 9. 
te det ditc, he was feeling in the water, 382, 1. 
k'e det ditc a k'e he e , because they put their hands, 354, 10. 

-do', -dg, -don, to drink. 

ya Yut des do, they drank all up, 310, 6. (Fig. 157.) 

wut do', he drank, 352, 5. 

7ut des dg, they drank up, 382, 13. 

Yut don, I drink, 304, 4. (Fig. 41 .) 
Hupa (p. 243) -nan, -nun. 
Kato (p. 65) -nan. 

-duk, -duk', to swallow, to eat up. 

yut ye duk, he swallowed it, 312, 3. 

7a guk duk, they eat up, 380, 6. 

7uk duk, someone had been eating it, 303, 19. (Fig. 39.) 

de duk, you swallowed, 320, 14. 

yededuk', he swallowed it, 320, 12; 320, 16. 
Ten' a (p. 216) -nuk, to swallow. 

-duz, to crawl. 

ka diiz, was crawling about, 311, 5. 

Cf. Chip. (p. 154) -du#, in, hut du# i t'a, he went through, p. 23, 1. 21. 

-die, -dla, see -le', -la, etc. 
-dlotc, to laugh. 

a xo 6 gut da dlotc, is laughing at us, 327, 6. 

yo et de dlotc, was laughing, 362, 3. 
Chip. (p. 155) -dlo, -dlok', to laugh. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 497 

-dlut, to snare, see -lut. 

-dja, to return. Probably stem -ya, Jo go and a prefix used with na-, 
back, (p. 477). 

na 7iit di dja, does he come back, 305, 19. (Fig. 96.) 

no dja', he came back, 308, 5. (Fig. 146.) 

-dja*, to be, to become. 
a wo dja e , it ivas, 337, 5. 
a na wo dja 6 , it happens again, 335, 8. 

ana Yut dja 6 , it became again, 359, 12; it was again, 372, 15, 
a na dja 6 , it became again, 302, 9. 
a7ut dja € , they became, 388, 16. 
me a wo dja 6 , happened to him, 303, 17. (Fig. 28.) 

-djin, -dji 6 , to sing. 

e djin, he was singing, 321, 2. 
ne djin, sing, 343, 12. 
tc'et djin, they s'ang, 354, 7. 
tit dji 6 , he sang, 361, 11. 

-djic, -djitc, to breathe. 

e djic, he breathed, 344, 11. 
e djic lo, he was breathing, 321, 2. 
6 e* djitc, she was breathing, 374, 2. 
tc'et djitc, tf/ze^/ breathed, 392, 14. 

-djit, -dji, di, to be afraid. 

I ne djit, he teas afraid of, 342, 16. 

ye ne djit, he was scared, 376, 11. 

ye ne djit, they were afraid of him, 317, 11. 

ye ni djit di e, he ivas afraid of it, 342, 7. 

gi ge ne djit, they were afraid, 349, 8. 

me won de dji di, they were afraid, 337, 5. 
Chip. (p. 159) -ge#, -djet', -djit, to be afraid. 
Hupa (p. 280) -git. 
Kato (p. 77) -git, -guc. 

-djiit, -(?). 

ta yin de djiit, them to run out (he caused), 309, 18. (Fig. 163.)' 

-ta, -tai, -tai 6 , -tal, -tain,'fo look; compare - 6 j, etc., to see. 
ya gain ta, he looked at him, 302, 6. 
va k'ai ta e, she looked at him, 314, 15. 



498 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

yek'aita, she looked at him, 311, 11. 

yukk'aita, she watched him, 311, 12. 

wa k'as ta, / looked for it, 393, 13. 

muk k'as ta, I looked, 393, 6. 

Yai ta, he looked at, 304, 6. ■ (Fig. 43.) 

k'ain ta, look, 394, 9. 

gi yin ka na ta, they looked for, 310, 6. (Fig. 170.) 

gos tai, / will look at, 311, 15. 

nuc tai e , / will look, 322, 1. 

na tat, were looking, 335, 6. 

€ | da wo ta_in, we will look, 335, 6. 
Ten'a (p. 228) -ton, -toihl, to look. 
Hupa (p. 264) -te, to look for, to search after. 
Kato (p. 71) -te. 

-ta, -te, -tj, to bet (?). 

e ya gus ta, I bet, 361, 11. 

6 e' gus te 7a, I am going to bet, 361, 10. 

na Tin tj € j % I bet, 362, 9. 

-tan, -tun, to freeze. 

me xa tun e cj, he froze, 363, 6. 

mut tun ne £ , frozen, 363, 7. 

ne xa na tan, it froze you? 351, 5. 

se xa na tun, it froze me, 351, 6. 

da 1 ne tun, was frozen, 367, 19. 
Kato (p. 71) -tun, -te, to be cold. 

-te, te bet, see, -ta. 

-te, -ti, -tis, to lie; only of an animate thing in the singular. 

nut te, he slept, 303, 7. (Fig. 21.) 

7am te lo, he had slept, 303, 18. (Fig. 38.) 

na nes ti, he lay down again, 304, 9. 

nes ti, he lay down, 303, 8. (Fig. 22.) 

se ti, he slept, 329, 8. 

se ti, he was lying, 352, 14. 

ne tis, I will lie down, 325, 4. 

gun nes ti, they lay down, 304, 5. (Fig. 47.) 
Chip. (p. 155) -te, -ti, -tin*. 
Hupa (p. 266) -ten, -tin, -tuw, -te. 
.Kato (p. 71) -tin, -tuc. 






1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 499 

-tel, see -ti, etc. 

-tetc, (-tatc), to lie, only of animate things, usually people, in the 
plural. 

na nes tetc, lay down again, 359, 13. 

se tetc, are lying there, 314, 8. 

ca* tetc, lie down, 359, 12. 

7a yin tetc, they lay there, 379, 12. 

ni 71 nes tatc, they lay down, 385, 14. 

na na wo tec, we will lie down again, 359, 9. 

Compare na tc'e tec e '\ % they had dreamed, 371, 14. 
Chip. (p. 155) -tez, -tes, used in plural. 
Hupa (p. 266) -tetc. 

-ti, -ti, -tel, -tint, to move or handle any living or dead person or animal. 

ni yi di ti, he took up, 306, 7. (Fig. 92.) 

xain ti, he took out, 306, 11. (Fig. 106.) 

ga yin ti, she gave it, 304, 3. (Fig. 31.) 

ya tc'i tj, she put him down, 324, 3. 

ye 1 ni ti e [ % I loaned him, 352, 11. 

wo ni tj, he gave (a daughter), 332, 16. 

na ye ni ti, he took him back, 361, 3. 

na nu ti, let him keep you, 321, 1. 

na 7un ni ti, they brought him, 373, 5. 

ni ya di ti, he brought him there, 351, 4. 

ni ti, he gave, 340, 6. 

ni da' wo tel, we will take, 373, 11. 

7ai tel, it took, 336, 13. 

7tlt tinl, he was carrying, 364, 14. 
Chip. (p. 155) -ti, -ti ne, -teL. 
Hupa (p. 264) -ten, -tin, -tuw. 
Kato (p. 71) -tin, tuc. 

-ti, -titc, to talk. 

ye tc'i wa ti, he talked to, 353, 14. 

ye tcii wut ti, he talked to them, 353, 14. 

yii ya titc, it barks after it, 307, 14. (Fig. 125.) 

wo titc, he was telling, 365, 4. 
Chip. (p. 156) -ti, to talk. 
Nav. yalti £ , he is talking. 

-tQ, -ton, to move or handle a long object, a long object in position. 
ye tg, it lay, 364, 2. 



500 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

yin tg', he gave it to, 373, 15. 

ni tg, I put it, 393, 15. 

se tg lg, was lying, 364, 1. 

u tgn lg, he was holding, 387, 7. 

ye tgn, he held, 339, 8. 

yin ton, he gave him, 304, 15. (Fig. 59.) 

yu tgn, he caught, 339, 17. 

xa ya 7m tgn, he pulled it out, 323, 15. 

€ e l ga tint, he was carrying, 364, 3. 
Chip. (p. 155) -ta, -ta e , relating to the position or motion of a long 

object. 
Hupa (p. 262) -tan, -tun, -tuw. 
Kato (p. 71) -tan, -tic. 

-t'a, to feather an arrow. 

us t'a le, I will put feathers on, 308, 6. (Fig. 148.) 
Cf . t'a, feather, 308, 6. 

-t'as, -t'ats, -t'atc, to cut. 

na ya dun na t'as, he cut up, 302, 11. 

da won t'as, cut it open, 305, 10. 

gl ye gut t'as, they cut off, 383, 11. 

da 7am t'ats dji, he cut off, 352, 2. 

ye tc'6 ni t'atc, he cut her open, 345, 6. 

des t'atc, he cut open, 305, 12. (Fig. 73.) 
Chip. (p. 157) -t'a#, -t'a0. 
Hupa (p. 268) -fats, -tus, to cut a gash. 
Kato (p. 72) -t'ats, -t'as. 

-t'atc, to go, see - € ac, etc. 

-t'e, -t'es, -t'ls, to roast, to cook. 

ye t'e, he roasted it, 386, 13. 

yet ye t'e, he roasted it, 304, 2. 

se t'e, cooked, 320, 3. 

gl ye t'e, they roasted, 372, 14. 

a t'es lg, you are cooking? 361, 3. 

e t'es, roasting, 361, 2. 

e t'es ai yo, they were going to roast, 339, 7. 

In t'es, cook, 320, 8. 

ma ne t'es, cook for him, 320, 2. 

dl t'es, we will roast, 371, 15. 

e t'e z\, was cooked, 361, 8. 



1917. 



Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 



501 






a t'ls, cook, 365, 12. 

e t'ls, they roasted him, 360, 12. 
Chip. (p. 158) -t'ed, to roast on the coals. 
Kato (p. 72) -t'e, to cook. 
Nav. (p. 162) ast'es, I roast. 

-t'e, -t'i, -t'i, -t'in, to be, to appear, to have a certain nature. 

a won t'e, you arel 336, 16. 

a won t'e, it was, 335, 2. 

6 a l na t'e, i/ow are, 389, 9. 

*a' si t'e, we are, 371, 15, 17. 

€ ac t'e, I was. 347, 16. 

ec t'e, / am, 346, 7. 

a' si t'i, we are, 385, 11. 

a ne t'i, you are, 327, 9. 

a t'i, he was, 303, 3. (Fig. 11.) 

e ac t'i, I am, 319, 18. 

a ne t'i, you are, 339, 4. 

e a wo t'i, 2/ow w'// be, 320, 1. 

a ne t'in, you are, 347, 9. 
Chip. (p. 157) -t'e, t'i, to be, to have the nature or property of a certain 

kind. * 
Hupa (p. 268) -te. 
Kato (p. 72) -t'e. 

-t'ok, -t'o, -t'ii, to shoot. 

a de t'ok, / shot, 393, 12, 16. 

e de t'ok, he shot, 364, 15. 

ut de t'ok, he shot, 313, 15. 

yu. ne t'ok, / shot it, 395, 10. 

nl t'ok, / shot, 395, 6. 

gii yi ne t'ok', they shot, 390, 6. 

kirn t'ok', he shot, 304, 18. (Fig. 64.) 

kii wo t'5tc, we will shoot, 304, 16. (Fig. 61.) 

e t'o e\ he shot, 387, 11. 

ii * wu t'ii hi, let us shoot them, 385, 1. 

u. 7ut t'u, s/wxtf, 316, 11. 

ye u t'u', he shot, 378, 14. 

yu t'ii, he was shooting, 370, 12. 
Nav. (p. 174) yinisht'6, i" shoot with bow and arrow 

-t'uk, to fly. 

I t'uk wo, they could fly, 332, 5. 



502 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

7a xa tej ye t'e 1 t'uk, just large enough to fly, 306, 8. (Fig. 99.) 
Chip. (p. 157) -t'a, -t'ai, -t'ak, -t'uk', to fly. 
Kato (p. 72) -t'ac, -t'a\ 

-tset, -tsi, -tsiz, -tsit, -tsits, to eat. 

yat tset', he ate, 320, 4. 

71 ya tset, they ate it, 372, 15. 

7in tset, you ate, 320, 4. 

wo si tsi, I will eat, 386, 14. 

in tsiz 1q, you eat, 356, 4. 

me ne da tcit de € , did you ever eat! 304, 2. 

7a tsit, he ate, 365, 13. 

ut sits, he was eating, 312, 17. 

yet tsits, she eats, 391, 10. 

wo tsits e ci, we will eat, 371, 16. 
Chip. (p. 150) -#1, -0e, to eat up. 

-tsuz, of flexible flat objects like skin, cloth or paper. 

se tsiiz, he put, 387, 8. 

det siiz, he took, 346, 6. 
Chip. (p. 156) -tcu0, -tcii#, -tci0. 
Hupa (p. 284) -kyos. 
Kato (p. 75) -tcos. 

-tse, -tsi, -tsi € , to push (?); this may be a classifying stem relating to 
long objects. See -se, -si, first person only. 

lj da won tse e ci, you shove together, 368, 14. 

7I ye kwon de ne tsi, they put fire to it, 339, 6. 

gl ye nl tsi, he pushed, 349, 7. 

na da ye tsl e , they stick up, 355, 7. 

gl ye ko dun nl tsi 6 , they set it afire, 381, 12. 

Compare; k'e ts'e tsls € e\ they put in a row, 392, 15. 
Chip. (p. 151) -61, to dig, to insert in the ground or snow. 
Jicarilla (p. 20 1. 6) yl zl na, she pushed {ashes away). 

-ts'a, -ts'i, to sit; plural only: see -da, singular and -ke, dual. 

da ts'a, are you sitting! 314, 8. 

1 dus si ts'I, we were sitting, 396, 2. 

7ut des ts'I, they were sitting, 318, 18. 

da' ts'I, sit, 371, 4. 

de ts'I, sat, 330, 10. 

ts'a de ts'I, they were sitting, 313, 11. 
Chip. (p. 151) -0'I, to sit; plural only. ' 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 503 

-ts'It, -ts'I, -ts'tit, to die. 

t'a na won ts'It e c\\ you will die, 373, 13. 

t'a ne ts'It, they die, 350, 15. 

t'a 7a ne ts'It, they died, 347, 13. 

7un ne ts'I e lg, they were dying, 348, 15. 

t'o ts'I dl, he will die, 373, 9. 

dai ts'tit, she died, 356, 11. 

t'ais ts'tit, she is dying, 355, 2. 

t'ai ts'tit, he died, 353, 9; 321, 3. 

-ts'o, to listen; compare -ts'tik, to hear. 

u ze ts'o, he listened, 380, 2. 

set ts'o ka, they were listening, 381, 9. 
Cf. na ze ts'o, he heard a noise, 375, 7; made a noise, 369, 6. 

na ze ts'o € 6 e', he heard {break), 375, 6. 

-ts'tit, (-tsut), to fall. 

I ts'tit, he fell, 308, 2. (Fig. 141.) 

ye I ts'tit \q, he fell, 316, 14. 

ku 7a ts'tit, fell in, 341, 15. 

€ It tsut, rolled down, 331, 11. 
Chip. (p. 150) -det,tofall. 
Hupa (p. 273) -tsit, to fall, to sink. 
Kato (p. 67) -stit, to fall. 

-ts'tik, -ts'a 7-, to hear; compare -ts'o, to listen. 

ye dl ts'tik, heard him, 324, 10. 

7a dl ts'tik, he heard, 360, 15. 

7tit dl ts'tik, they heard, 324, 12. 

dl ts'tik, he heard it, 324, 18. 

dl ts'a 7tit de e , when he heard it, 347, 3. 
Chip. (p. 151) -0'e, -0'tik', -#tik', to hear. 
Hupa (p. 323) -tsu, listed as a suffix. 
Kato (p. 73) -ts'eG, -tsV, -s'tiL, to hear. 

-tctin, -tstin, to smell, transitive. 

te tctin, smells, 336, 16. 

le tctin e yon, might smell, 336, 16. 

Itit stin, I smell, 306, 4. 
Chip. (p. 156) -tstin, -san, to smell. 
Kato (p. 75) -tctin, -tele, to smell. 

-tcut, (-cut), to give food, to feed. 

ma tcin tcut, they were feeding, 380, 8. 



504 Anthropological Payers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

nl tcut, give to eat, 329, 4. 

sun ni tcut, give me something to eat, 353, 15. 

tcun ni cut, he fed me, 321, 5. 
Hupa (p. 283) -kit, to feed. 
Kato (p. 75) -tcut', to feed. 

-tcut, -tciitc, to seize, to hold. 

€ in tcut, it caught, 336, 12. 

in tcut, caught, 307, 9. (Fig. 138.) 

I tcut, I held, 395, 10. 

I tcut, he caught, 382, 1. 

6 j tcut, he took up, 364, 2. 

yin tcut, he caught it, 306, 11. (Fig. 102.) 

yi tcut, he caught it, 364, 14. 

ca' tcut, take hold of me, 388, 16. 

in le dai yi tciitc, he held together, 313, 16. 

ye tciitc, he took, 309, 10. 
Hupa (p. 283) -kit, to catch with the hands, to take away. 
Kato (p. 75) -tcut, -tea, to catch hold of. 
Nav. (Dene Bizad, p. 28) yi yit tsod, he took hold of it. 

-tcuk (-tsuk), -tee', -tci, to cry; of a dog to howl. 

at tsuk, was crying, 317, 16. 

a tcuk, crying, 319, 1. 

ut suk, was crying, 311, 2; cried, 316, 18. 

ut tsuk, he started to cry, 304, 11, 12; she cried, 301, 9. (Figs. 49, 54.) 

ut tc'uk, has been howling, 352, 9. 

ne tcuk 7a, are you crying, 319, 1. 

tcuk ge € , sAe cried, 327, 3. 

ti da sut tcek', £/b?/ started to cry, 302, 16. (Fig. 3.) 

ya I tee', were crying, 383, 10. 

kwo de de tee, he was screaming, 360, 12. 

ya I tci, they .were crying, 383, 3. 
Hupa (p. 280) -tcwii, -tcwe, to cry, to weep. 
Kato (p. 74) -tceG, -tee 1 , to cry. 
Nav. yi tea, he is crying. 

-tc'ut, (-tcut), to be strong. 
ma tc'ut lg, was strong, 366, 9. 
na tc'ul lo, he was strong, 366, 13. 
na tc'ut, yta was strong, 361, 6. 
ma' na tcut, they are stronger than, 350, 15. 
na tcut, /b was strong, 361, 16; 326, 19. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 505 

-guj, -guc, -7UJ, to fish. 

m5 e da uc guj ji, I will sit for it, 312, 9. 
yii e da € e* guc dji, where he is fishing, 312, 9. 
7ai guc ce, he was fishing, 312, 11. 
e da uc 7uj je, I will fish, 312, 7. 

-get, -git, to go, of an animal. 

ni I get, he got up, 317, 5. 

ni get, he climbed to, 342, 14. 

e' tc'on de git, he would go away from him, 342, 15. 
Chip. (p. 159) -ge, to travel on four feet, used of animals only in the singu- 
lar. 

-get, -got, -gotc, to spear, to stab, to puncture or cut through. 

yu get, he speared, 323, 15. 

na get, was cut, 381, 16. 

non get', break open, 370, 4. 

7a ni get, cut a hole through, 323, 11. 

71 ya ka ni get, they stabbed him through, 378, 2. 

gi yu get, they stabbed them, 354, 1 . 

ka m get, she poked a hole through, 305, 9. (Fig. 79.) 

yes got, he stabbed him, 370, 10. 

se got, he stabbed, 387, 9. 

gais got, he speared, 326, 17. 

a ci gotc, we would spear them, 326, 16. 

Cf . ki ye da get, they had intercourse with her, 334, 8. 
♦Chip, (p. 159) -ge, -gwl, to puncture, to spear, to prick. 
Hupa (p. 285) -qot, to push a pointed stick into a yielding mass, to stick, 

to poke. 
Kato (p. 77) -get, -ge, to spear. 

-kal, -ka/, the coming of day. 

ye kal, it was daylight, 382, 12. 

na wo din ka/, it was daylight, 383, 7. 

na wo di ga e , it was daylight, 336, 15; it was daylight again, 303, 8, 9. 

_ (Fig. 15.) 
Chip. (p. 159) -kai, to be light, to become day. 
Hupa (p. 250) -xa, -xal, -xaL, -xufi. 
Kato (p. 78) -kan, -ka, -kai, -kaL, relating to the passing of the night. 

-ke, to sit; dual only: see -da, singular, and ts'a, -ts'i, plural, 
se ke \q, were sitting, 371, 6. 



506 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

si ke, we sat, 396, 7. 

7a nes ke, they two sat down, 370, 2. 

7a nes ke lg, they have married, 366, 5. 

me ga sa ki, marry him, 366, 10 . 
Chip. (p. 161) -ke, to sit, dual only. 
Jicarilla, na'ke, you two sit down. 

-ke, -kel, -kl, to die (?). 

a na wo ke le a ci, you will die with, 316, 5. 

t'a ne ke, they died, 348, 12. 

t'a du kel, will die, 369, 4. 

ya in ki, lay on the ground, 383, 9. 

t'ais ki, had died, 323, 9. 

t'o kel e ci, we will die, 368, 12. 

-ke, -kel, -kj, to paddle about, to go by canoe. 

7tlt din ke, take the canoe, 332, 3. 

guc kel 11, I was paddling along, 355, 1 1 . 

wo na tea 7m kj, he paddled to, 332, 2. 

nai k|, he came, 376, 5. 

na ts'j des kj, he paddled back, 376, 11. 

des ki, he started to paddle, 376, 4. 

tc'ut des kj, he paddled, 333, 7. 

na 7a kit, he is paddling back, 376, 7; he was paddling, 376, 10. 
Chip. (p. 161) -ki, to paddle a canoe, to travel by canoe. 

-kin, (?). 
xa wo win kin, he cleared the snow off, 357, 10. 
xa wo 7m kin, they began shovel off a place, 379, 11. 
dan wo de kin, he covered it with snow, 368, 3. 

-k'al, to be white. 

de k'al lg, was white, 359, 18. 

-k'gn, -k'ontc, relating to fire. 

xont di k'on, make afire, 323, 13. 

de wo k'on, build, 374, 9. 

de si k'on, we built, 396, 1. 

de des k'gn, burned, 339, 7. 

na de di k'ontc, it kept catching fire, 339, 8. 

de des k'g, caught fire, 337, 3. 

de di k'a/, they kindle, 392, 8. 
Chip. (p. 161) -k'a. 






1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 507 . 

Kato (p. 79) -k'an . 

Nav. (p. 92) adishk'a", I set it afire. 

-k'ut, -k'uts, to be cold. 

suk k'ut, cold, 373, 10. 

wo k'uts, cold, 373, 10. 
Chip. (p. 170) -k'a#, cold, (adjective). 
Jicarilla (p. 147, 1. 6) gos k'ats', it was cold. 

Variations in Stems. 

The Athapascan dialects have striking variations in verb stems which 
have come to have, probably through association, distinctions in meaning. 
This characteristic is shared with the Tlingit, but whether through a com- 
mon inheritance or by assimilation is as yet undecided. These variations 
in the stem are clearly of two distinct classes as to origin. Many of them 
are phonetic, resulting from accent of some sort; others are the result of 
suffixes especially of -I, and -n. The latter in Beaver has in some cases 
nasalized the preceding vowel and disappeared 

ai, a 

-cai, -ca, to go. 1 

-dai e , -da, to sit. 

-dai, -da, to eat. 

-dai, -da, to live. 

-tai, -ta, to look. 
a, e 

-ta, -te, to bet. 

-1'a, -l'e, to run. 

-la, -le, to have position (of plural objects). 

-la', le*, to make. 
a, I 

-ts'a, -ts'I, to sit (plural only), 
e, I 

-se, -si, to puncture. 

-ce, ci, to rear. 

-de, -di, to work. 

-t'es, -t'ls, to roast. * 

-tse, -tsl 6 , to puncture. 

-get, -git, to go, (animals only). 

1 Illustrations of verbs with these forms of the stem are listed above under each stem. 



508 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

-ke, -ki, w sit (dual). 

-ke, -ki, to die. 

-tee', -tci, to cry. 

-te, -ti, to lie. 

-de, -dl, 10 camp. 
e, o 

- 6 el, - € ol, to float. 

-get, -got, to spear. 
a, u 

-sat, -sut, to dance. 

-bat, -but, to starve. 

-tan, -tun, to freeze. 

-xal, -xut, to strike repeatedly. 

The final consonants are also affected. 
ak, a\ 

- e ak, - e a', to deceive. 

-bak, -ba', to #o to war. 

-tcuk, -tc', to cry. 

-t'ok, -t'o, to sAoof. 

tc, c 

-ate, -ac, to go (dual only), 
-yitc, -yic, to 6rea&. 
-djitc, -djic, to breathe. 
-t'ats, -t'as, to ci/t 

The surd consonant becomes sonant, 
-lut, -li dl, to 6wm. 
-cut, -cu dl, to drive. 
-xail, -xai li, to &i//. 
-del, -de li, to #o, (plural only), 
-djit, -dji dl, to be afraid. 
-ts'ut, -ts'I dl, to cfo'e. 
Cf. -sut, -sit, to rush. 

With suffixes n and 1. 

- € o, -at, to ?ftcwe a roimd object. 
-to, -tint, to move a long object. 
-Ye, -I'll, to run. 
-le, -lj, -lin, to be. 
-so, -sq, -son, to chase. 









1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 509 

-do', -do, -don, to drink. 

-tel, -tj, to move a living thing. 

-Yai, -yail (~7el), -7m, to carry on the back. 

-xai, -xail, -x^j, to kill. 

-ke, -kel, to paddle about. 

-ti, tel, tj, to move a living thing. 



SUFFIXES. 

The verbal elements following the stem for the most part fall into two 
classes: those which qualify the statement as to its actuality or certainty; 
and those which make of the verb a conditional, temporal, locative, or sub- 
stantive clause. Intimately connected with the suffixes of the first class 
. having a modal character are those of time since future acts cannot be viewed 
as certain. 

- 6 e\ The examples first listed below indicate a progressive force, the 
continuation of the act for sometime. The second list contains 
because or when in the translations which were the result of the 
impression that the suffix had the force of the postposition - € e\ 
with, (p. 453). 

a dja € 6 e', it became, 349, 15. 

a 7a won € e\ they were killing, 348, 5. 

€ a* da tc'e le € € e', they were making, 392, 2. 

Cf. V da tc'e le 6 , they made, 392, 9. 

€ e' tcet da e e*, he was chiseling for, 366, 11. 

*o ce de tj e e, he threw me away, 376, 14. 

ya Yit da *e', they were living on, 374, 18. 

ye ni djit dl e, he was afraid of it, 342, 7. 

ye € ka da del e e', where are you going, 386, 3. 

na Yat dail e e', you are traveling, 339, 4. 

ni e j e e\ he looked for, 331, 4. 

ce 7tlt da e e*, he was alive with me, 340, 4. 

7a des da 6 e', they were moving, 375, 19. 

xain la € e', he took out, 319, 7. 

xa la ga ( [ € e\ they were doing to each other, 348, 14. 

dj dl € e', you were saying it, 369, 3. 

In tciit £ e\ when she took, 323, 6. 

q ni ya e', because he was frightened, 372, 9. 

yii dl 6 e\ because he thought, 330, 7. 



510 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

wo" di 1'a tse e e\ because it is shallow, 363, 18. 

gi ya in tcut e e', because they gave him to eat, 373, 7. 

-e, -I. This suffix is associated in the same syllable with h which results 
from the final aspiration of the preceding syllable, or with the 
voiced form of a preceding consonant. In a large number of 
instances its use is with a future tense of a first person. 

a na u de he, we will surround, 318, 7. 

a do die he, we will make, 317, 13. 

u wo t'ii he, let us shoot them, 385, 3. 

ye zu xai le', will kill him, 373, 10. 

me' jiic xai le, / will kill him, 320, 3. 

me tc'e ne wo die he, let us go from them, 384, 18. 

a na wac die hi, I will make, 349, 10. 

a due le hi, I will make, 307, 3. 

j du cu di, I will drive them, 341, 7. 

da* wo tel I, we will throw it away, 372, 11. 
u* wii t'ii hi, let us shoot them, 385, 1. 

-tc. Often repeated or customary acts usually require the verb to termi- 
nate in -tc. There are a number of stems which have -tc as a 
permanent final element, 
en na wo di t'Intc, kept showing, 338, 13. 

1 hwo € at 1'etc, he runs back and forth, 307, 14. (Fig. 139.) 
na date, he used to come, 335, 4. 

na de di k'ofitc, it kept catching fire, 339, 8. 

no letc, you bring, 336, 17. 

xa da tc'e € intc, they kept doing that, 335, 10. 

ke na gi date, he kept climbing up, 303, 9. (Fig. 16.) 

e a na gut de € ints, they used to renew themselves, 349, 13. 

-1, -le. When the act is a sustained one a suffix -1 is frequently employed. 
With the addition of e, I becomes I. 
ya Tail, was carrying a load, 323, 11. 
na tal, were looking, 335, 6. 
7a yal, he went, 305, 3. (Fig. 75.) 
ya Yai le, she carried him, 324, 3. 

-e le, -e le € , is used of habitual past acts, 
e ze' xai e le ne, he kills anything, 366, 14. 
ye tc'et de € Intc e le, they look, 343, 13. 
wo lj e le, would be, 386, 8. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. • 511 

ml tc'e le e le, he used to be bad, 328, 11. 

na di he te, he used to live, 309, 17. • 

na ditc e le, used to be there, 309, 15. 

a' na 7a di dle € e le e , they used to do it, 349, 12. 

on letc a le', they used to be, 350, 3. 

- € j % A temporal suffix with pluperfect force; it is used of actions or 
states which have terminated, and of things which have ceased to 
exist. Cf. Hupa, (p. 305.) -ne en. 

a won t'e 6 j % it was happening, 376, 8. 

ac t'l e i % I used to be, 347, 17. 

a' 7m la e i^ 6 i, they had made, 368, 10. 

a tc'et t'j e j € l, they had been looking, 388, 2. 

e lj e i e \, he ivas, 365, 5. 

£ es kai e '\ % used to be young man, 361, 17. 

on. ke t'l e '\ % there were two, 341, 13. 

ya 7tit da € j % he had kept it, 378, 15. 

ne' des del € j % who went with you, 339, 3. 

ni 7a de ( i € i % they had passed out of sight, 366, 4. 

ze xai € j % he had killed, 365, 3. 

7ai yal € j % had been walking, 337, 12. 

gtic kel 11, I was paddling along, 355, 1 1 . 

-lg -e 1q. A suffix of modal force used in statements the information for 
which is indirectly secured. The cause or preceding act is inferred, 
from the directly observed result. 

% € i 1q, he had, 378, 10. 

a ye e [ 1q, he did that, 360, 5; 368, 4. 

e a' wo dja e lg, had become, 359, 14. 

e lj lg, he was, 325, 8. 

ye ze xai lg, had killed him, 352, 14. 

wg lj lg, it is, 368, 5. 

des liiz lg, he dragged it, 358, 6. 

a di e lg, made the noise, 342, 12. 

e nu dll e lg', / think, 387, 14. 

on k'e t'e lg, were two, 341, 2. 

ye ze xai e lg, he killed him, 343, 8. 

-e ci, -e cj, -cl. The essential import of the suffix seems to be the assertion 
of the speaker's belief in the truth of the statement or prediction, 
a woe 6 I e ci, I will do, 351, 14. 
a tc'et t'l e ci, they are, 386, 8. 



512 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

in da wo du dla € e ci, it will be hard, 372, 3. 

ul le ci, he is, 315, 3. 

wo tsits e ci, we will eat, 371, 16. 

ma 7a won da € e ci, you will treat him, 352, 10. 

t'a nu kel e ci, they will kill, 366, 16. 

na du e e cj, he was away, 319, 13. 

ne ju cail e ci, I will kill you, 320, 1. 

a won dai ci, you will live, 306, 17. (Fig. 107.) 

tc'e des del e ell, they started, 382, 16. 

-cgn €t , -con, -cq € , is used when the act or condition is assumed on evidence 
that is not conclusive, 
til le cgn*\ I suppose it is, 356, 14. 
ye ze' xai u con, he has killed him probably, 352, 11. 
na nl yic a eg 6 , might see you, 319, 6. 
t'a Yun nes sut o con 6 , they died, 338, 11. 
Cf. dl e djl con, where I wonder, 344, 5. 

-e yon, -e yg, -yQ, occurs in most cases with verbs preceded by the nega- 
tive particle ut du and expresses the impossibility of accomplishing 
the act named in the verb. When not used with the negative it 
implies the necessity or imminence of the act. 

*a yi ll he yon, he could do anything, 388, 1 1 . 

€ a* Yut de e yon, they could do anything, 344, 6. 

le tcun e yon, might smell, 336, 16. 

gu ye de ll he yon, they were being carried downstream, 388, 16. 

a la Yai die e yg, they could do anything to each other, 347, 5. 

a si die hi e yg, we can do anything, 388, 9. 

ac de e yg, / can do anything, 340, 14. 

€ a' tc'ellea jg, they could do anything, 318, 11. 

e t'es ai yo, they were going to roast, 339, 7. 

na des da ai yg, I can go back, 359, 2. 

-la, is an interrogative suffix attached to a form which otherwise would be 
indicative, 
won li la, has it been? 377, 15. 
w5n lj la, it is? 371, 1. 
won lj la, are there? 328, 9. 
7in Yai la, you are carrying? 343, 11. 

gu ya Yin k'in ta la, do you see them? 306, 10. (Fig. 111.) 
gu u djon la, is it good? 306, 11. (Fig. 112.) 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 513* 

-ya, in the majority of cases seems to express purpose or intention, 
although the translations do not always indicate this. 
a 7ac da 7a, I will give, 376, 16. 
et da wot di 7a, because he knew it, 340, 14. 
6 e l gus te 7a, / am going to bet, 361, 10. 
yet di 7a, after he said it, 340, 14. 
ye tc'u7 71 xul 7a, he struck him with it, 327, 18. 
me 7ait da 7a, we will live, 324, 11. 
na wo di a 7a, what will happen, 365, 16. 
ne ta 7a, he would look, 322, 4. 
ni yin t[ 7a, he put them in, 382, 17. 
se ze xai 7a, he ivill kill vie, 325, 4. 
7I yi tctit di 7a, that they might catch him, 331, 14. 
t'a na kl e 7a, they will kill you, 340, 10. 
t'a 7a ne ts'it I 7a, they were about to die, 381, 14. 
ts'e ze xai 7a, they will kill, 361, 11. 
gu ye ze xai 7a, they would kill them, 372, 6. 

-xa, seemingly related to the preceding, x being the surd of 7. Purpose 
is plainly expressed. The interrogative element is the prefix da-, 
da woe di xa, what can I do? 343, 1. 
da wo de xa, what can we dot 374, 7. 
da ne de xa, what are you going to do? 337, 8. 
da 70 dV xa, what will we do? 371, 19. 

-e ka, -ka, of unknown meaning but in most instances the verbs are 
future with some purpose implied, 
na woe die e ka, I will become again, 337, 8. 
da goc di he ka, what am I to do, 320, 9. 
as t'l ka la, / will be, 303, 4. 
ye ze xai ka, they would kill him, 331, 10. 
dac t'l ka, I will try myself, 347, 12. 
t'a ne si sut wg ka, until we die, 374, 5. 

When a condition is stated or implied the suffix is -de e , -e de e . The 
condition may relate to the future, but also to past as contrary to fact. 

-de 6 , -e de 6 . 

ye na 7ut di e de e , if they know, 314, 3. 
won li e de 6 , if he had had, 387, 13. 
ne ne djit e de € , if you are afraid, 385, 5. 
7ut di le de 6 , when they go, 316, 11. 
e na gut di ut de 6 , if they know, 314, 6. 



514 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

e zi xaj et de, if you kill, 351, 14. 

ya 71 dai de 6 , if they are alive, 314, 9. 

ne du we et de € , if had been none, 357, 16. 

ni ya et de 6 , if I go, 375, 5. 

ze xaj et de, if I kill him, 364, 11. 

7ai dai de € , if we live, 372, 2. 

din ts'uk' et de 6 , if you hear, 375, 5. 

dl ts'a 7ut de € , when he heard it, 347, 3. 

Cf. mo na I dac da 6 , when we came to them, 326, 15. 

ku. dl de da 6 , when you think, 305, 10. 

-I he 6 , -e he € , is used to form causal clauses. 
6 e l ze l xai 1 he € , because he killed it, 351, 10. 
et da na kainl 1 he', because he was heavy, 342, 14. 
e t'es 1 he 6 , because he was roasting, 360, 12. 
yii ni e ets 1 he, because he kicked him, 307, 18. (Fig. 132.) 
won W 1 he 6 , because he was, 363, 13. 

muk k'ut da ll dl I he 6 , because he would be burned, 303, 12. (Fig. 18.) 
na tea 1 1 he 6 , because he was large, 343, 6. 
ne dii e 1 he 6 , because none, 387, 12. 
de but 1 he 6 , because he was starving, 357, 1. 
a dja 6 e he 6 , because he became, 361, 16. 
da ye t'ok e dl e he 6 , because he shot up, 305, 1. (Fig. 66.) 

-k'e he 6 , -k'e. That this suffix expresses manner is evident from the 
following examples. 
6 a' j a k'e he 6 , the way I do, 352, 10. 
6 a ye dl 6 a k'e he, the way he told him, 352, 1. 
a ne 6 i a k'e he 6 , the way you do, 351, 13. 
ac 6 j a k'e he 6 , the way I do, 351, 13. 
a din dl a k'e xe 6 , as you say, 343, 13. 

7a 7ut da k'e he 6 , the way they had lived, 310, 18. (Fig. 185.) 
ka na des date a k'e he', the direction he went for, 364, 12. 
k'e det ditc a k'e he 6 , because they put their hands, 354, 10. 
a din dl kwon k'e, you speak that way 1 ? 320, 13. 
a t'l gl k'e, the way he did, 337, 16. 
et ts'it xo k'e tcin, he eats it is like, 335, 5. 
ye ze' xai k'e te, he appeared to kill them, 340, 12. 
won djo ke he, good way, 371, 14. 

na wo za sail a k'e he, as they were rushing along, 370, 12. 
7ai ya lj k'e, the way he was walking, 337, 16. 



1917.] Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 515 

A temporal suffix makes adverbial temporal clauses of verbs without 
changes in their forms. 

-do ', -do ', -da', when, at the time when. 
a li do', when he teas, 316, 13. 
u wat dl la do', until the snow is melted, 371, 16. 
ya Yit da do 1 , when they lived, 353, 10. 
nl wo tc'in 6 a do', when was put, 336, 11. 
ac \[ dg\ when I was, 394, 14. 
wg lj dg, when it was, 392, 5. 
ne du e dg', when were not, 348, 4. 
sut si dg, before my time, 395, 15. 
te 1'a dg', when he jumped in the water, 389, 5. 
ya te'e y* da dg e , when they were living, 392, 15. 
e lj da', when he is, 347, 17. 
€ et di* da', if he said anything, 322, 15. 
on le' da', when it will be, 39 L, 4. 
wg 4 j da', when they see them, 350, 12. 

-u, when suffixed seems in some cases, to subordinate the verb in a con- 
tinuing rather than a definite temporal manner, 
ya' dl bat du, when they were starving, 318, 10. 
na tc'a de lu, they were camping, 371, 14. 
xa ya da ne hit yfi, she had singed them, 324, 1. 
de but du, hungry, 335, 5. 

-e t'e, seems to be connected with the adverb e t'e and has been rendered 
immediately, differing from -dg, in a narrowing down of the time, 
et da tc'et dl ke t'e, they knew, 373, 1. 
na ts'ut de t'e, as soon as he fell, 343, 7. 
Yai ya le e t'e, immediately coming, 301, 9. 
dl ts'uY Ye t'e, immediately he heard it, 340, 13. 

-1'g € e', -1'g dji € , indicates that the action of the principal verb was 
after the completion of the one involved in the verb to which the- 
suffix is attached. 

de si del 1 1'g e e', after we started, 340, 9. 

na' yie 1'g e', after they knew, 386, 2. 

ka na des ya 1'g, after he is gone for, 364, 9. 

ya Yut dl tcut 1 1'g I, after they were hunting, 387, 15. 

a' da dja € 1'g dji € , after became, 340, 6. 

Locative suffixes are used with verbs transforming them into adverbial 
clauses. 



516 Anthropological Papers American Museum of Natural History. [Vol. X, 

-di, place at which. 

wo li di, where there are, 307, 5. 

na de di, where they live, 350, 9, 1 1 . 

ne te di, where he was going to sleep, 331, 6. 

-dji, -djl € , place at which. 

yu e da £ e' guc djl, where he is fishing, 312, 9. 

7tit del djl, they went, 383, 9. 

nl de ya djl e , where they were standing, 339, 11. 

-tc'i € , toward, thither. 

a' din di tc'j 6 , the direction you mean, 368, 16. 
na de hi tc'i € , toward who lived there, 389, 1. 
din ya e ci tc'j € , you are going, 337, 10. 

Substantive clauses are formed by the use of -ne. This suffix, which is 
rather common, means those who or whom. 
ya won a ci ne, those he killed, 326, 1 1 . 
ya da wo ne, those he killed, 328, 6. 
ne 1q ne, many, 321, 10. 

tin da *I ne, those they moved away from, 322, 17. 
ku 7ain del € I ne, those who had come in, 386, 9. 



1917.1 Goddard, Beaver Dialect. 517 



TRACINGS. 

The tracings of the Beaver dialect made with the Rousselot apparatus 
were only in part successful. Due to difficulties in transportation the 
instrument arrived only a few days before it was necessary to leave Ver- 
milion. Just then an interpreter could not be secured and the work was 
hampered and the results rendered less certain in consequence. A consid- 
erable proportion of the sheets on which the tracings were made were 
damaged on the return trip. As a consequence the material here presented 
is not so well selected as might be wished. The usable tracings were those 
made of a long text which was traced by repeating sentences and phrases 
to the subject who had been the informant for the text. As the order of 
the text was followed, he recalled his story and repeated it into the mouth- 
piece. 

There are several considerable breaks in the tracings of the text due to 
results which were poor in themselves or which would not engrave 
properly. 

From these tracings the character of the consonants can usually be 
made out and the length of the vowels can be measured. The rate of 
speaking for all the tracings probably was not the same, but the regular 
habits of speech for the most part were not interfered with. 

Now that published tracings of this sort sire available for Kato, Chipe- 
wyan, and Beaver, and unpublished ones for Sarsi, Jicarilla, Mescalero and 
San Carlos Apache, the very great basic phonetic uniformity of the 
Athapascan dialects begin to appear. This is quite in keeping with almost 
identity in morphology and very marked similarity in lexicon. 



g 

Fig. 1. 



a d unn e k' e7ii td e s £ a t c 

ga dun ne k'e >ut des e atc, then people after they two went. 302, 14. 



lis d e tc n u nn a dji ne gu (?) 1 

Fig. 2. us detc nun na dji ne gu tc'iH 7m yal, my sister your relatives go to 
302, 15. 




a 
Fig. 3. 



t ai t 
a tai ti da sut tcek' 



1 da suttc e 

all they started to cry. 302, 16. 



k' 



a d u ya w ti td ai c e k u 7 u td I y e 

Fig. 4. a du ya wut dai ce ku 7 ut di ye, not we are going to live they- 
thought. 302, 16. 




n o d u 776 d i e u y e n aYti td le d e 
Fig. 5. no dU7 ye di e u ye na 7 ut di e de, your brother what is his name if he is 
staying there? 302, 18. 




in 1 a t'l a s t' Ik a 1 a k u d I 
Fig. 6. in la t'l ast'ikala kudi", one place I will be he thought. 303,3. 

518 



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atdul la t'la y A td a « a li 

Fig. 14. at du I la t'i a 7 ut da £ a li', not one they alive he made. 303, 5. 




7 a 1 i n utdu n a wo d I g a 
Fig. 15. 7al in ut du na w5 di ga, then not it was daylight again. 303, 8. 




yi k alkak enagi date 

Fig. 16. yi kal ka ke na gi date, for daylight he kept climbing up. 303, 9. 




yi d e'ye d ai i s Y u I 

Fig. 17. yi de' ye dai is l'u i, behind the snare he had set. 303, 10. 



m u kk'utd a 1 I d I i he 

Fig. 18. muk k'ut da li di i he', because he would be burned. 



303, 12. 



a t ai yi t u td a n a wo d uc c I . 
Fig. 19. a tai yi 7Ut da na wo due ci", all animals let come. 303, 12. 

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a t ai n wo n I 

Fig. 26. a tai ni w5 nl sut, all rushed up. 303, 13. 




d a ml 1 e (?) y e d I la 
Fig. 27. da mi le e ni na ye di la', his snare he took back. 303, 15. 



k'a dju yask' e m ea 
Fig. 28. k'a dju. yas k'e me a wo dja 



w o dja * 
again winter happened to him. 303, 17. 



int'I zoduemutts ea tc' u, n I 1 u c 
Fig. 29. in t'i z5 du e mut tse a tc'u. ni liic, suddenly along there sleigh someone- 
had drawn. 303, 18. 



dju zo e djudzene t I y a 1 o 

Fig. 30. dju zo* dju dze ne ti ya 1q, here only that day he had gone along. 
303, 19. 












m ut Plse'.IzS (?) e s d a 

Fig. 31. mut l'i se* i zo es da, its grease only I eat. 304, 2. 

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g a 1 I n ya tc' \ y e k'e 7 a y a 1 

Fig. 75. 7a lin ya tc'i* ye k'e 7a yal, then toward the sky after it he went. 
305, 2. 




xu td ut d i di g 1 won 1 \ k u d 1 

Fig. 76. xut dut di di gi won li kii di, this place world it is he thought. 305, 5. 




yali 1' u ina 1 o y a * o 1 a * 

Fig. 77. 7a li 1'iil na 1q ya *o la € , then lines many for him she made. 
305, 7. 




g w a e yi 


y 


Fig. 78. gwa e 
she made. 305, 8. 


yi yu 



e d a ga y a a w o dl e 

da ga ya £ a wo die, then under it for him (a hole) 




1 e didigek a nig et 
Fig. 79. iedi di ge ka ni get, there ground she poked a hole through. 305,8. 




a z is n atctitdi t' a(?) yi n t j 

Fig. 80. a zis na tctit di t'a yin ti, skin rawhide she put him in. 305, 9. 



529 



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y e di g e dut Y u le n 
Pig. 94. yedige dutl'ule nadila", up 



ad I 1 a ' 
her line she took up. 305, 14. 




Fig. 95. ehe 
down. 305, 17. 



onked lye n adtit d e x a 1 

5n ke di ye na dut de xal, that was why two he knocked- 




(?) d a wo 
Fig. 96. da won t'e 



t' e n 
na ?ut di dja. 



305, 19. 



7\it d 
what time 



I dj a 
does he come back? 



k'a dj u d a 

Fig. 97. k'adju 
306, 6. 



t' o I m ai 
da t'ol mai na des ya, 



(?) n a d e s y a 
again her nest's edge she started. 




x a (?) gin s u d 1 e 
Fig. 98. xa gin sut le e de a won da, 



6 e d e € awon d a 

so small you will be. 306, 7. 




7 a x a t e j 

Fig: 99. 7a xa tej ye t'e I t'uk 
made him. 306, 8. 



y e (?) t ' u k a y in 1 a 
a yin la*, just large enough to fly 



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t unna 1' ai tc I « 1 u g e k' a I ' I tc 

Fig. 110. tun na 1'ai tcT luge k'al'Itc, bottom of the river fish 
swimming about. 306, 9. 




g u ya 7m k' i 
Fig. 111. gu ya 7m k'in ta la, 



n t a 1 a 

do you see them? 306, 10. 



yadage gu udjonla y e'di 

Fig. 112. yadage gu u djon la ye' di, he ate it is it good he asked. 306,1] 




u c ai' 


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t'i 




Fig. 113. 


u cai' da k'l 


un na da dja na t'i, 


grandchild 


how 


have you- 


3en traveling. 


306, 16. 












a c u (?) d I d o ' t'i y e ' 

Fig. 114. acu dido'diat'i ye' di, grandmother 
he said. 307, 3. 



d I 

what does he mean 




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es li 


€ a da de la', 


but 


for himself. 307, 7. 











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with stones leggings 



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537 



n o d u z I 
Fig. 137. n5 du zi a tai 



a t ai y e tc'ow ode ss u t 
ye tc'o w5 des sut, snakes all rushed on him. 307, 8. 




at ai yut ts un e I n tc u tc 

Fig. 138. a tai yut ts'un na in tcut, all his legs caught. 307, 9. 




tc' u 1 I 1' a 
Fig. 139. tc'ul i I'a dai 
and forth. 307, 13. 



d ai I hw o 

i hw5 e at 1'etc, cutbank 



a t 1' e tc 

on the bank he runs back- 




y I d ai ma t unn edjl n I y in 1' a 

Fig. 140. yl dai ma tun ne dji* ni 7m I'a, ahead his road you run. 307, 19. 




utduyunl e e ts n 

Fig. 141. ut du yu ni e ets na yi yet dut tl ga, 
him down. 308, 1. 



ayldfit tga 
not he kicked him he threw- 




I ts e me ts' 

Fig. 142. I tse me ts'i u a ye ze xai, 



1 ua y e z e x ai 
below his wife killed him. 308, 2. 

538 



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Fig. 158. kidl gu son 
it was she killed. 308, 3. 



a e ali7izex ai 1 q * 
dut tc'i u a a li 71 ze xai 1q, she thought her husband 



(?) m e e a gilni du t d 1 y 

Fig. 159. me' a zil ni dut di ya, stone he took for himself. 308, 4. 




d u nn e « e ' tc u n o y o 

Fig. 160. dun ne e e tcun o wo y5. person's odor he smells. 308, 10. 



7 a 1 in £ a 
Fig. 161. 7a lin a tai 



t ai y a 7U td e x u 

ya 7iit ye xul, then all he clubbed. 308,11. 



t a dlyeYe 1'ok'e nadeya 

Fig. 162. ta di ye 7e l'o k'e na de ya, three over there in the prairie stood. 
309, 17. 



t a yin d e dj u t 
Fig. 163. ta yin de djut *a won dla £ 



* a w o n dla « 
them to run out he caused. 



309, 18. 



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a t ait e ye g I yin k a n a t a 

Fig. 170. a tai te ?e gi yin ka na ta, all in the water they looked for. 310, 



atai g I w a ni get 

Fig. 171. ai tai glwanlget, all they stabbed him. 310,11. 



e d uwe tc ' i ' gwa yl d ai die s y a 
Fig. 172. e du we tc'e' gwa 6 yi dai di es ya, from there then forward he started. 



310, 14. 



ai 1 a mut tcidle l ' e u 1 1 I 1 o 

Fig. 173. ai la mut tcil le I' e ul II 15, that one his younger brother it was. 310,16. 



eske yinlldolani I117 yut d e £ I 

Fig. 174. es ke Tin 11 do la ni Iut 7Ut ye £ I, young men when they were they saw each- 
other. 310, 17. 



i 1 a ilo du7yai € I y inli 1 o 

Fig. 175. I la IloduYYall 7in lin 15, then brothers of each other they were. 310,18. 

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(Continued from Sd p. of cover.) 

Volume XII. 

I. String-figures from the Patomana Indians of British Guiana. By Frank 
E. Lutz. Pp. 1-14, and 12 text figures. 1912. Price $.25. 

II. Prehistoric Bronze in South America. By Charles W. Mead. Pp. 15-52, 
and 4 text figures. 1915. Price, $.25. 

III. Peruvian Textiles. By M. D.'C. Crawford. Pp. 52-104, and 23 text 
figures. 1915. Price, $.50. 

IV. Peruvian Fabrics. By M. D. C. Crawford. Pp. 105-191, and 40 text 
figures. 1916. Price, $1.00. 

V. Conventionalized Figures in Ancient Peruvian Art. By Charles W. Mead. 
Pp. 193-217, Plates I-VIII. 1916. Price, $.25. 

VI. (In preparation.) 

Volume XIII. 

I. Social Life and Ceremonial Bundles of the Menomini Indians. By Alan- 
son Skinner. Pp. 1-165, and 30 text figures. 1913. Price, $1.50. 

II. Associations and Ceremonies of the Menomini Indians. By Alanson 
Skinner. Pp. 167-215, and 2 text figures. 1915. Price, $.40. 

III. Folklore of the Menomini Indians. By Alanson Skinner and John V. 
Satterlee. Pp. 217-546. 1915. Price, $1.60. 

Volume XIV. 

I. The Stefansson- Anderson Arctic Expedition of the American Museum: 
^liminary Ethnological Report. By Vilhjalmur Stefansson. Pp. 1-395, 94 text 

res, and 2 maps. 1914. Price, $3.50. 

II. Harpoons and Darts in the Stefansson Collection. By Clark Wissler. 
r P . 397-443, and 44 text figures. 1916. Price, $.50. 

III. (In preparation) . 

Volume XV. 
I. Pueblo Ruins of the Galisteo Basin, New Mexico. By N. C. Nelson. 
Pp. 1-124, Plates 1-4, 13 text figures, 1 map, and 7 plans. 1914. Price, $.75. 
II. (In preparation.) 

Volume XVI. 

I. The Sun Dance of the Crow Indians. By Robert H. Lowie. Pp. 1-50, 
and 11 text figures. 1915. Price, $.50. 
II. (In preparation.) 

Volume XVII. 

I. Riding Gear of the North American Indians. By Clark Wissler. Pp. 
1-38, and 27 text figures. 1915. Price, $.50. 

II. Costumes of the Plains Indians. By Clark Wissler. Pp. 41-91, and 28 
text figures. 1915. Price, $.50. 

III. Structural Basis to the Decoration of Costumes among the Plains Indians. 
By Clark Wissler. Pp. 93-114, and 12 text figures. 1916. Price, $.25. 

IV. Basketry of the Papago and Pima. By Mary Lois Kissell. Pp. 115-264, 
and 81 text figures. 1916. Price, $1.50. 

V. (In preparation.) 

Volume XVIII. 

I. Zuni Potsherds. By A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 1-37, and 2 text figures. 1916. 
Price, $.30. 

II. Zuni Kin and Clan. By A. L. Kroeber. Pp. 39-204, 3 text figures, and 
9 maps. 1917. Price, $1.50. 

III. (In preparation.) 

Volume XIX. 

I. The Whale House of the Chilkat. By George T. Emmons. Pp. 1-33. 
Plates I-IV, and 6 text figures. 1916. Price, $1.00. 

II. (In preparation.) 






The Cosmos Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 



